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. 2023 Oct 16;26(11):2017–2034. doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01442-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 10 — The median Spearman ρ between the RDM from fMRI activations to natural sounds (N = 8 participants) and the RDM from model activations at the best model stage as determined with held-out data, compared with the metamer recognition by humans at this chosen model stage. The dashed black line shows the upper bound on the RDM similarity that could be measured given the data reliability, estimated by comparing a participant’s RDM with the average of the RDMs from each of the other participants. Error bars are s.e.m. across participants. The correlation between metamer recognizability and the human-model RDM similarity was not statistically significant for any of the ROIs following Bonferroni correction (all: ρ = 0.02, p = 1.0; tonotopic: ρ = 0.60, p = .06; pitch: ρ = 0.06, p = 1.0; music: ρ = 0.10, p = 1.0; speech: ρ = 0.12, p = 1.0), and was again well below the presumptive noise ceiling (which ranged from ρ = 0.79 to ρ = 0.89, depending on the ROI). We also note that the variation in metamer recognizability across models is substantially greater than the variation in RDM similarity, indicating that metamers better differentiate this set of models than does the RDM similarity with this fMRI dataset.