Table 2.
Examples of virtual reality technologies used to assist practitioners during punctures performed as part of clinical or surgical procedures
| Reference | Type of virtual reality technologies | Objective |
|---|---|---|
| Lin et al. [12] | Virtual reality | Improving the lateral ventricle puncture skill which is an important step of external ventricular drain |
| Zhou et al. [13] | Mixed reality | Facilitate brachytherapy, which is an effective method for curing lung cancer, where the accuracy of needle positioning is vital and can influence the treatment effect |
| Uhl et al. [14] | Mixed reality | Facilitating the puncture of the common femoral artery in a phantom model |
| Li et al. [15] | Mixed reality, assisted by HoloLens glasses | Improving accuracy in respiratory liver tumor punctures in radiofrequency ablation (RFA) |
| Porpiglia et al. [16] | Mixed reality | Evaluating the feasibility of three-dimensional mixed reality holograms in establishing the access point and guiding the needle during percutaneous kidney puncture when performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy |
| Demerath et al. [17] | Augmented/mixed reality | Comparing the accuracy of augmented/mixed reality–guided versus frame-based stereotaxy-guided freehand drain placement in an intracerebral hemorrhage phantom model |
| Park et al. [18] | Mixed reality, assisted by HoloLens glasses | Improving procedural efficiency and reducing radiation dose for CT-guided lesion targeting in an abdominal phantom study |
| Davrieux et al. [19] | Mixed reality | Comparing ultrasound-guided needle punctures with the use of a mixed reality navigation system for percutaneous punctures |
| Jing et al. [20] | Virtual reality | Improving pediatric lumbar puncture clinical skill training of medical students through a virtual reality lumbar puncture model vs. the traditional rubber lumbar puncture model |
| Vrillon et al. [21] | Virtual reality | Improving the training of the practice of lumbar punctures through a three-dimensional video |
| Schneideret al [22] | Augmented reality, assisted by HoloLens glasses | Improving ventricular drain (a common neurosurgical procedure), providing guidance for ventriculostomy in a custom-made 3D-printed head model |
| Su et al. [23] | Virtual reality | Improving the implementation of lateral ventricle puncture operation through a haptic-based virtual reality simulator |
| Ulh et al. [24] | Mixed reality | Facilitating the puncture of the common femoral artery in a phantom model |
| Pratt et a.l [25] | Augmented reality, assisted by HoloLens glasses | Precise and efficient localization of perforating vessels during extremity reconstruction surgery using 3D vascular models |
| Tai et al. [26] | Virtual reality | Implementing a renal puncture surgical simulator to improve percutaneous nephrolithotomy surgery for renal calculi |