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. 2023 Sep 10;7(4):387–432. doi: 10.1007/s41666-023-00144-3

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 5 — Tavakoli et al.’s proposed method: (a) Pre-processing, (b) CNN pixel classification, and (c) label assignment. Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH: Springer Nature Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing [52]