Table 2.

Characteristics of the computerized clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) implementations included in the full-text studies (n=42).

Taxonomy by Nilsen [30], study, and year of publication			Clinical context		CDSS type		Implementation phase		Theory, model, or framework
Model
	Ashraf et al [67], 2022	Medical imaging		Algorithm and alert linked to EHRa		Nontranslational effectiveness study		PDSAb IHIc model
	Ali et al [68], 2020	Anesthetic		Prefilled electronic form and alerts		Nontranslational effectiveness study		PDSA IHI model
	Bernonille et al [69], 2011	Prescription		Web app and EHR CPOEd		Installation		Gaston framework by de Clercq et al [105]
	Bertoni et al [70], 2019	Prescription		Electronic order set in EHR		Full implementation		PDSA IHI model
	Cho et al [71], 2023	Falls screening tool		Algorithm linked to EHR		Nontranslational effectiveness study		PDSA
	Ellouzi et al [64], 2017	Hospital-acquired infection pilot		Clinical dashboard		Installation		Theoretical framework for multiagent-based decision support
	Flaherty et al [72], 2021	Asthma prescription		Algorithm linked to EHR		Nontranslational effectiveness study		PDSA
	Hanna et al [73], 2020	Cancer clinical screening		Electronic form in EHR		Initial implementation		PDSA
	Jemal et al [63], 2019	Clinical deterioration		Prediction modeling		Installation		Multiagent system and intuitionistic fuzzy logic
	Khazaei et al [74], 2015	Hospital-acquired infection		Prediction modeling linked to EHR		Exploration and installation		Research and clinical framework
	Klunk et al [75], 2021	Prescription		Electronic order set in the EHR		Nontranslational effectiveness study		PDSA IHI model
	Leibowitz et al [76], 2018	Blood infections		Electronic order set in EHR		Nontranslational effectiveness study		PDSA
	Maia and Lapão [77], 2017	Hospital-acquired infection		HAI-TooLe and alert and surveillance		Exploration, installation, initial implementation, and full implementation		Design science research methodology
	Simões et al [78], 2018	Prescription		HAI-Tool alerts and patient timeline		Exploration, installation, initial implementation, and full implementation		Design science research methodology
	Sinvani et al [79], 2020	Prescription		Electronic order set in EHR		Exploration, installation, initial implementation, and full implementation		Four phases
	Stanger et al [80], 2018	Prescription		Electronic prescription and automated form		Installation, initial implementation, and full implementation		PDSA
	Streiff et al [81], 2012	Blood infections		CPOE		Exploration, installation, and initial implementation		TRIPf model
	Tan et al [82], 2021	Vaccination		Electronic nursing checklist		Nontranslational effectiveness study		PDSA
Determinant framework
	Bomba and Land [83], 2006	Pharmacy		Electronic prescribing		Exploration		Triangle of Dependencies Model by Sauer
	Brunner et al [84], 2020	Medical imaging		Clinical alert		Exploration, installation, and initial implementation		Sociotechnical framework
	Chinman et al [85], 2019	Opioid screening		Electronic dashboard		Initial implementation and full implementation		Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
	Förberg et al [86], 2016	Blood infections		Electronic reminder in EHR		Installation and initial implementation		Alberta context tool
	Geva et al [87], 2021	Blood infections		Web-based, static checklist and EHR		Installation		Five Rights of Clinical Decision Support
	Kuo and Chang [88], 2014	Prescription		CPOE and mobile app		Installation		TAMg for mobile service
	Kawamoto et al [89], 2021	Neonatal bilirubin management app (hospital-acquired infection), atrial fibrillation stroke calculator, diabetes pharmacotherapy outcome prediction app, lung cancer screening shared decision-making app		Application within EHR-clinical guidelines, chart, and recommendations; clinical calculators embedded in EHR; application within EHR with predictive modeling; and an EHR-integrated shared decision-making screening tool		Exploration, installation, and initial implementation		Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment Framework
	Mosch et al [90], 2022	Intensive care monitoring and prediction modeling		Tablet computer–based remote patient monitoring and electronic chart		Installation		Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
	Patapovas et al [91], 2013	Prescription		Electronic template and alerts in EHR		Initial implementation		TAM 2h
	Sheehan et al [92], 2013	Medical imaging		Clinical prediction rules and guidelines		Exploration		Sociotechnical framework
	Shelley et al [93], 2018	Dental		Electronic chart system and workflow		Initial implementation		Adaptation and modification framework by Stirman
	Stablein et al [94], 2003	Prescription		CPOE		Exploration		CPOE readiness assessment tool
	van Engen-Verheul et al [95], 2016	Cardiology		EHR and clinical decision support guidelines		Installation		Heuristic principles by Zhang et al [106]
	Wilk et al [96], 2013	Asthma		Prediction modeling		Installation		Task-based support architecture and organization-based multiagent system engineering method
Evaluation framework
	Fuller et al [97], 2020	Discharge		Dashboard		Installation and initial implementation		RE-AIMi framework
	Melnick et al [98], 2022	Prescription		Electronic order set in EHR		Installation and initial implementation		RE-AIM framework
Theory
	Blandford et al [99], 2022	Ophthalmology screening and referral		Telehealth and artificial intelligence		Nontranslational effectiveness study		Normalization process theory
Model and determinant framework
	Afshar et al [100], 2023	Prescription		Natural language processing, artificial intelligence, and alerts		Initial implementation		PDSA and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
Model and evaluation framework
	Jacobsohn et al [101], 2022	Falls screening tool		Prediction modeling and alert in EHR		Exploration and installation		Process model by Jacobsohn et al [101] and RE-AIM framework
	Mehanni et al [65], 2019	Prescription		Electronic order set in the EHR		Exploration, installation, and initial implementation		PDSA cycles and World Health Organization’s Systems Thinking Framework
Evaluation framework and determinant framework
	Paulsen et al [102], 2021	Nutrition		Electronic report generated on a website portal		Nontranslational effectiveness study		RE-AIM framework with Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
	Vasudevan et al [66], 2020	Cancer digital case management system		Clinical prediction rules and guidelines		Full implementation		Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and RE-AIM framework
Theory and determinant framework
	Fujimori et al [103], 2022	Cardiology emergency department prediction modeling		Natural language processing algorithm in EHR		Exploration and installation		Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
	Hsiao and Chen [104], 2016	Not stated		Clinical decision support guidelines		Installation		Active theory with extended TAM

^aEHR: electronic health record.

^bPDSA: Plan-Do-Study-Act.

^cIHI: Institute for Healthcare Improvement.

^dCPOE: computerized provider order entry.

^eHAI-Tool: Healthcare-associated Infections Tool.

^fTRIP: translating research into practice.

^gTAM: technology acceptance model.

^hTAM 2: technology acceptance model 2.

ⁱRE-AIM: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance.