Figure 2.

Direct effects (standardized regression coefficients; β) and p values (in parentheses) of baseline SE and WASO on follow-up memory performance (z-scores). Model fit indices as well as direct/indirect effects of baseline memory performance (z-scores) on subsequent memory performance can be found in Supplementary Table S1. Covariates included in the model (not shown): age, gender, education years, depression or anxiety diagnosis, insomnia-type symptoms, sleep apnea, number of medical morbidities, benzodiazepine use and BMI. BS, Baseline; FU, Follow-up; WASO, Wake After Sleep Onset time; SE, Sleep Efficiency; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.