AhR activation by FICZ and Blastocystis‐derived metabolites. Top left: AhR nuclear translocation was measured using HT29 Lucia AhR reporter cell line. Top right: AhR activation by FICZ, IPA and I3AA. Bottom left: Inhibition of the AhR‐FICZ interaction by I3AA. Bottom right: viability of HT29 cells after exposure to different concentrations of Blastocystis‐derived metabolites. All replicates (n = 8 FICZ, supernatants 7B and 7H, n = 4 IPA n = 10 I3AA, FICZ inhibition 1/1 n = 5, 1/2 n = 6, 1/4 n = 6), and statistics. P‐values are indicated from non‐parametric Mann–Whitney test.
Efficacy of Treg polarization in the presence of the AhR antagonist CH‐223191. All replicates (n = 6) and statistics. P‐values for two‐tailed t‐test with Welch correction are indicated.
Left: In vitro conversion of CD4+ T cells isolated from AhR‐WT and AhR‐KO mice toward iTreg. Right: CD103 expression on polarized iTreg generated from AhR‐WT and AhR‐KO CD4+ T cells. Upper plots show examples of flow cytometry data, and lower plots show all replicates (n = 10 Foxp3 staining, n = 7 CD103 staining) and statistics. P‐values are indicated with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, from non‐parametric Mann–Whitney test.
Expression of PD‐1 on stimulated T cells from AhR‐WT and AhR‐KO CD4+ T cells. Upper plots show examples of flow cytometry data, and lower plots show all replicates (n = 5) and statistics. P‐values are indicated with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, from non‐parametric Mann–Whitney test.