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. 2023 Nov 1;21:775. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04588-4

Table 1.

Characteristics of the two long COVID cohorts derived from the GOLD study dataset

Severe long COVID n = 1323 Fatigue dominant long COVID n = 1386
Cases (n = 459) Controls (n = 864) Cases (n = 477) Controls (n = 909)
Age [median (IQR)] 45 (37–54) 54 (41–64) 45 (37–54) 54 (41–63)
Sex [n (%)] * M: 129 (28.1) M: 402 (46.5) M: 121 (25.4) M: 429 (47.2)
F: 329 (71.7) F: 462 (53.5) F: 355 (74.4) F: 480 (52.8)
Self-reported ethnicity [n (%)] *
 Wh = White Wh: 419 (91.3) Wh: 781 (90.4) Wh: 436 (91.4) Wh: 825 (90.1)
 As = Asian Mx: 19 (4.1) As: 33 (3.8) Mx: 17 (3.6) As: 33 (3.6)
 Mx = Mixed As: 12 (2.6) Mx: 22 (2.5) As: 14 (2.9) Mx: 23 (2.5)
 Bl = Black Ot: 4 (0.9) Bl: 12 (1.4) Bl: 4 (0.8) Ot: 13 (1.4)
 Ot = Other Bl: 2 (0.4) Ot: 12 (1.4) Ot: 3 (0.6) Bl: 11 (1.2)
 No = None No: 2 (0.4) No: 1 (0.1) No: 2 (0.4) No: 1 (0.1)
Recovery time in days (Median [IQR]) 479 (247–572) 18 (8–122) 484 (256–573) 18 (8–111)
COVID-19 related hospitalization [n (%)] 60 (13.1) 26 (3.0) 66 (13.8) 26 (2.9)
Reported problems after COVID-19 related hospital discharge [n (%)] 60 (13.1) 20 (2.3) 66 (13.8) 19 (2.1)
Hospitalized [n (%)] 46 (10.0) 7 (0.8) 50 (10.5) 8 (0.9)
Co-morbidities (pre-existing or post-COVID-19) [n (%)]
 Asthma 108 (23.5) 121 (14.0) 110 (23.1) 133 (14.6)
 Alzheimer’s disease 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1)
 Coronary artery disease 2 (0.4) 13 (1.5) 3 (0.6) 13 (1.4)
 Chronic fatigue syndrome 36 (7.8) 6 (0.7) 40 (8.4) 5 (0.6)
 Diabetes type 1 1 (0.2) 9 (1.0) 1 (0.2) 10 (1.1)
 Diabetes type 2 15 (3.3) 33 (3.8) 13 (2.7) 33 (3.6)
 Heart attack 5 (1.1) 7 (0.8) 3 (0.6) 7 (0.8)
 Irritable bowel syndrome 65 (14.2) 41 (4.7) 74 (15.5) 47 (5.2)
 Kidney disease 3 (0.7) 2 (0.2) 3 (0.6) 2 (0.2)
 Liver disease 9 (2.0) 6 (0.7) 8 (1.7) 7 (0.8)

Data for fields marked with asterisk (*) were not available for all individuals. Comorbidities marked with were consistently over-represented in cases compared to controls in all cohorts