Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies
| First Author | Type of study | Subjects | LDL subclass type | Evaluation Method | Main results | Total quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pallarés (2021) |
Cross-Sectional | Adults | LDL-Ps, L-LDL-P, M-LDL-P, S-LDL-P | NMR spectroscopy | higher CVDs rate and systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with abnormalities in the number of S-LDL-P | 8 |
|
Antonio (2021) |
Case-Control | women without CVD | LDL-P | NMR spectroscopy |
LDL-related variables were the most strongly associated with atherosclerosis |
9 |
|
Duan (2020) |
Cross-Sectional | hospitalized patients with Acute ischemic stroke | LDL-1, LDL-2, LDL-3, LDL-4, LDL-5 to 7 | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique | LDL-3 and LDL-4 levels, were significantly positively correlated with AIS | 9 |
| Rodríguez (2019) | Cross-Sectional | middle- aged US- White and Japanese men | Small LDL- P, Large LDL- P, | NMR spectroscopy | total LDL- P and small LDL- P were significantly associated with coronary heart disease | 8 |
|
Kidawa (2019) |
Cross-Sectional | patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) | LDL 1-LDL 5, IDLA | NMR spectroscopy | Patients with multi-vessel CADs disease had higher levels of LDL3 subfraction and IDL-C and a lower proportion of IDLA | 7 |
| Notarnicola (2018) | Prospective Cohort | cardiovascular diseases | Small LDL-C, Large LDL-C | NMR spectroscopy | Higher small LDL concentration was associated with higher CVDs mortality | 7 |
|
Llauradó (2019) |
Case-Control | participants with T1DM | Small LDL-C, Large LDL-C | NMR spectroscopy | Higher small LDL concentration was associated CVDs risk factors. | 8 |
|
Chang (2019) |
Cross-Sectional | Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients | LDL 1-LDL 5 | fast-protein liquid chromatography | Plasma L5 levels were significantly higher in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis | 9 |
|
Aneni (2019) |
Cross-Sectional | High-Risk Individuals | LDL-VS, LDL-S, LDL-M, LDL-La | gas-phase differential electrical mobility | Higher concentrations of large LDL were seen among those with no coronary artery calcification. small and medium LDL particles were seen among those with coronary artery calcification | 9 |
| Žitňanová (2019) | Case-Control |
patients with acute ischemic stroke |
LDL 1-LDL 5 | electrophoresis |
sdLDL was significantly higher in patients after acute ischemic stroke |
7 |
|
Schulte (2018) |
Cross-Sectional | Patients with Chronic inflammatory diseases | lbLDL-C, sdLDL-C | gas-phase differential electrical mobility | The sdLDL/LDL ratio was higher in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. | 8 |
|
Chu (2018) |
Cross-Sectional | patients with coronary artery disease | L1-L5 | liquid chromatography | Plasma L5 levels were significantly higher in patients with coronary artery disease | 6 |
|
Aday (2018) |
Prospective Cohort | women ≥ 45 years old free of cardiovascular disease | Small LDL-C, Large LDL-C | NMR spectroscopy | sdLDL-C particle concentration, but not LDL-C, were associated with peripheral artery disease (PAD) | 7 |
|
Siarnik (2017) |
Cross-Sectional | Patients with acute ischemic stroke | IDL1, IDL2,IDL3, LDL1, LDL2, LDL3-7 | Lipoprint LDL System | LDL1 was significantly associated with acute ischemic stroke | 8 |
|
Shiffman (2017) |
Case-Control | Adult participants | small LDL subfraction (LDL-VS), large LDL subfraction | ion mobility | LDL-VS was associated with CVDs | 6 |
| Pokharel et al. (2017) | Cross-Sectional | Patients with Myocardial Infarction | pattern A consisted of a preponderance of large, buoyant LDL subclass, while pattern B consisted mainly of small, dense LDL subclass | ultracentrifugation | when LDL pattern B was compared with LDL pattern A, there was significant 60% relative reduction in CV mortality. | 9 |
| Lawler et al. (2017) | Cross-Sectional | Individuals With Low Low-Density LipoproteinCholesterol | total LDL-p, small and large LDL-p, intermediate density lipoprotein [IDL-p] | NMR spectroscopy | Smaller LDL size was a marker of increased risk, but this was no longer significant after additionally adjusting for LDL-p | 9 |
| Gluba‑Brzózka (2017) | Case-Control | end‑stage renal disease (ESRD) patients | LDL1-LDL7 | Lipoprint LDL System | There wasn’t significant association between LDL subclasses and cardiovascular abnormalities. | 8 |
| Shen et al. (2016) | Case-Control | ischemic stroke patients | L5 | NMR spectroscopy | levels of plasma L5 were significantly higher in acute ischemic stroke patients than in controls | 6 |
| Steffen et al. (2015) | Cross-Sectional | Adult participants | total LDL particles (LDL-P) | NMR spectroscopy | There was a significant association between LDL-P and CHD events | 7 |
| Vishnu et al. (2014) | Cross-Sectional | middle-aged men | Large LDL-P, Small LDL-P, Total HDL-P | NMR spectroscopy | arterial stiffness had a significant positive association with small LDL-P and significantly inversely associated with large LDL-P and LDL size. | 8 |
| Nishikura (2014) | Cross-Sectional | Patients with Coronary Artery Disease | sdLDL-C, Large LDL-C | gradient gel electrophoresis | Those who experienced cardio-vascular events had higher levels of sdLDL-C, sdLDL-C/LDL-C, and LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratios | 7 |
|
Jug et al. (2014) |
Cross-Sectional | Patient at Intermediate Cardiovascular Risk | Small LDL-C, Large LDL-C | NMR spectroscopy | LDL pattern B (predominance of small dense particles) emerged as an independent predictor of coronary calcium | 6 |
| Gerber et al. (2013) | Prospective Cohort | Patients with (pre)diabete | sdLDL-C | gradient gel electrophoresis | Higher concentration of sdLDL-C was associated with intima media thickness | 8 |
| Cure et al. (2013) | Case-Control | Patients with ischemic stroke | Small LDL-C, Large LDL-C | NMR spectroscopy | The mean LDL particle size was smaller in patients with stroke than in the controls | 7 |
| Okumura et al. (2013) | Cross-Sectional | Patients with Endothelial Dysfunction | sdLDL-C | HPLC | small LDL cholesterol emerged as an independent determinant of Endothelial Dysfunction among lipoprotein subfractions | 8 |
| Lakshmy et al. (2012) | Cross-Sectional | young Indian industrial population | sdLDL-C | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique | small dense LDL was associated with cardiovascular risk factors | 6 |
| Hirayama et al. (2012) | Cross-Sectional | adult | Small LDL- C | NMR spectroscopy | Small LDL- C is a emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disorder | 5 |
| Prado et al. (2012) | Cross-Sectional | asymptomatic adults at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease | Large-pattern LDL(Pattern A) was defined as 23.0–20.6 nm, and small-pattern LDL (Pattern B) was defined as 20.5–18.0 nm. | NMR spectroscopy | small-pattern LDL (Pattern B) was an independent predictor of coronary artery calcification | 7 |
| Zeljkovic et al. (2012) | Cross-Sectional | Patients with acute ischemic stroke | LDL I-IV | gradient gel electrophoresis | AIS patients had significantly more LDL III and IVb, but less LDL I and II particles. | 8 |
| Chung et al. (2010) | Case-Control | Patients with rheumatoid arthritis | Small LDL-C, Large LDL-C | NMR spectroscopy | There wasn’t any significant association between small LDL level with coronary artery calcification (CAC) | 7 |
| Rizzo et al. (2009) | Prospective Cohort | subjects with the metabolic syndrome | sdLDL-C, Large LDL-C | gradient gel electrophoresis | small, dense LDL was a predictor of CVDs | 8 |
| Mora et al. (2009) | Prospective Cohort | Healthy women | Small LDL-C, Large LDL-C | NMR spectroscopy | CVDs risk prediction associated with LDL subclass profiles evaluated by NMR | 9 |