Skip to main content
. 2023 Nov 2;18(11):e0293826. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293826

Table 2. Categorization of the physical exercises identified.

Category Physical exercises
AEROBIC EXERCISE: Involves movements of the large muscles of the body in a rhythmic manner for prolonged periods [20] Cycling, treadmill, walking, Qigong, cross training, rowing ergometer, robot-assisted gait training, Nordic walking, endurance, rhythm retraining, treadmill walking, HIIT-LOW on treadmill, resistance training, elliptic, bike exercise, jogging, gait training with Body Weight Support (BWS), interval training, forced cycling exercise, Sitting and Standing; functional exercise; circuit training, vigorous intensity exercise, split belt treadmill (SBT).
STRENGTH EXERCISE: Activities in which muscles work or hold against an applied force or weight to improve muscle fitness (i.e., functional parameters of strength, endurance, and power) [20] Whole body resistance training, strengthening exercises, functional training, Power Yoga, resistance training intensity, machine, weight training, strength training, lower or whole-body strength, resistance training program, Progressive Resistance Training (PRT), Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training (IMST), Expiratory Muscle Strength Training (EMST).
COMBINED EXERCISE: Consists of planned activities, structured and repetitive body movements that are performed to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness [20] Walking training, strength, flexibility, balance, aerobic, agility, virtual reality, Tango, breathing, bodyweight supported, Tai Chi, Qigong, Brazilian samba, resistance, stretching, physiotherapy, Hatha Yoga, functional bodyweight, power, Pilates, Movement Strategy Group, dance, high-intensity physical training, ParkFit, treadmill training, stationary bike, cycling, rowing, multimodal exercises, coordination, motor therapy, respiratory muscle strength training, exergaming, LSVT BIG, boxing, task-specific training.
SENSORY-MOTOR ACTIVITIES: Combine exercises with interactions of emotional, mental, social, spiritual and behavioral factors directly affect our health. Mind-body interventions increase the body’s self-awareness, thereby increasing energy, mental clarity, concentration, and an individual’s ability to tolerate physical discomfort [21] Neuro Proprioceptive Function, Qigong, Tai Chi, virtual reality, Exergame (WII, KINETIC, WIImove), mind-body, Yoga, LSVT-BIG, Pilates, Traditional Chinese Medical Exercise.
OTHER PROTOCOLS: Exercises that do not have volume and intensity control, or which are not classified as previous exercises (i.e. aquatic exercises, dance or any other physical activities) Aquatic exercise, aerobic capacity, balance and postural control, mobility and strength, whole body stretching, cardiovascular activities and relaxation, resistance exercise, water walking, aquatic therapeutic exercise, hydrotherapy.
Tango, Waltz, Foxtrot, Contemporary dance, Irish dance, Modern dance, PD-specific dance, Tango-based dance, Ballet, Music-based Movement therapy (MbM), improvisation, American Ballroom, RGRhythm, Jazz, Turo Dance.
Exercise and motor training, highly challenging balance training, cueing, exercise training, task training (motion strategy), strength training, stretching exercise/ROM, ground walking/exercise, treadmill walking, dance, hydrotherapy, Tai Chi, virtual reality, mental practice, aquatic exercise, aerobic exercise, robotic gait training, boxing, whole body vibration, Nordic walking training, cardiovascular warm-up, functional exercises, treadmill using external auditory cues, Occupational Therapy (TO), walking, aerobic training, cycling, LSVT, Qigong; progressive resistance exercise training, Tango, home-exercise program; physiotherapy, Ronnie Gardiner Rhythm, Tai Chi; Nordic walking, body weight support, dual task training, whole body, vibration, Qigong, home-based, mobility, multi-component exercise program (home), cycling, training program involving daily activities, sensory therapy with external cues, therapy physical, boxing, multimodal, WII, goal-based exercise, proprioceptive, dual-task, virtual reality balance training, LSVT-BIG, breathing exercises, enhanced exercise therapy for PD (EXCEED).