Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Nov 2;13:18904. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42474-7

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Microbial metabolic pathways inferred with PICRUSt2 that were differentially abundant in relation to smoking exposure, adjusting for age, sex and number of teeth. Heatmap of the 21 differentially abundant pathways in Current against Never smokers contrasts. Each pathway was transformed to relative abundance and Z-score scaled. Groups were ordered based on decreasing exposure to smoking, from heavier smokers to Former smokers who quit for the most years. As a reference for absence of exposure to smoking, never smokers were included in the rightmost column. Red and blue colors indicate a higher and lower mean abundance, respectively, while yellow colors indicate no difference. Differential abundance analysis was performed with a consensus-based approach of 5 differential abundance methods (DESeq2, LinDA, MaAsLin2, ALDEx2, ANCOM-BC), modeling each pathway against smoking status and adjusting for age (categorical), sex (binary) and number of teeth (categorical). Pathways reported in the figure were differentially abundant (Benjamini–Hochberg q-value < 0.05, False Discovery Rate = 5%, ALDEx2 Holm q-value < 0.05) in at least 4 methods with an absolute effect size larger than 0.5.