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. 2023 Nov 2;8:169. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00766-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Chemical structures of lipid compositions in LNP carrier of COVID-19 vaccine Comirnaty^®. b Schematic illustration of the synthesis of LNP, DiR-LNP, and DiR-LU@LNP. Briefly, the ethanol phase was combined with the aqueous phase at a flow rate ratio of 1:3 (ethanol: aqueous) through a microfluidic mixing device. c Representative cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) images of LNP, DiR-LNP, and DiR-LU@LNP. Scale bar: 50 nm. d Hydrodynamic size (Z-average) and polydispersity index (PDI) of LNP, DiR-LNP, and DiR-LU@LNP measured by DLS. e Zeta potential of LNP, DiR-LNP, and DiR-LU@LNP measured by DLS. Data in (d) and (e) were presented as “mean ± standard deviation” (n = 3). LNP, lipid nanoparticles; DLS, dynamic light scattering; LU-mRNA: luciferase mRNA.