Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/pulmonary artery systolic pressure ratio (> 0.33).
| Variable | Total (n = 1,147) | TAPSE/PASP ≥ 0.33 (n = 551) | TAPSE/PASP < 0.33 (n = 596) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline clinical characteristics | |||||
| Male sex | 575 (50.1) | 280 (50.8) | 295 (49.5) | 0.679 | |
| Age (year) | 70.8 ± 13.6 | 70.8 ± 13.7 | 70.9 ± 13.4 | 0.877 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 4.2 | 23.5 ± 3.8 | 22.9 ± 4.5 | 0.017 | |
| NYHA Fc IV | 89 (8.0) | 36 (6.8) | 53 (9.1) | 0.184 | |
| Physical examination | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 123.2 ± 23.6 | 124.7 ± 23.0 | 121.8 ± 24.0 | 0.040 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.3 ± 14.0 | 72.8 ± 13.8 | 71.9 ± 14.2 | 0.247 | |
| Heart rate (/min) | 84.4 ± 22.3 | 78.8 ± 18.8 | 89.6 ± 24.0 | < 0.001 | |
| Past medical history | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 359 (31.5) | 121 (22.2) | 238 (40.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 648 (56.5) | 314 (57.0) | 334 (56.0) | 0.766 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 385 (33.6) | 182 (33.0) | 203 (34.1) | 0.754 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 395 (34.4) | 208 (37.7) | 187 (31.4) | 0.025 | |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.3 ± 2.3 | 12.3 ± 2.3 | 12.2 ± 2.4 | 0.497 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 24.1 ± 14.4 | 21.7 ± 12.2 | 26.3 ± 15.8 | < 0.001 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.35 ± 1.43 | 1.30 ± 1.71 | 1.40 ± 1.10 | 0.227 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 151.3 ± 44.2 | 156.3 ± 44.5 | 146.7 ± 43.5 | < 0.001 | |
| Echocardiographic findings | |||||
| LVEDD (mm) | 51.5 ± 9.2 | 50.6 ± 8.8 | 52.4 ± 9.4 | 0.001 | |
| LVESD (mm) | 40.7 ± 11.5 | 38.9 ± 11.0 | 42.3 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 | |
| LVEDV (mL) | 115.5 ± 56.5 | 109.2 ± 52.1 | 121.1 ± 59.7 | < 0.001 | |
| LVESV (mL) | 75.3 ± 50.5 | 67.4 ± 45.7 | 82.5 ± 53.7 | < 0.001 | |
| LVEF (%) | 39.0 ± 15.4 | 42.3 ± 14.8 | 36.0 ± 15.4 | < 0.001 | |
| LA diameter (mm) | 43.7 ± 8.7 | 41.2 ± 7.5 | 46.2 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 | |
| LAGLS (%) | 12.6 ± 9.3 | 16.5 ± 10.4 | 8.9 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Mitral E-velocity (m/sec) | 0.89 ± 0.35 | 0.76 ± 0.29 | 1.01 ± 0.35 | < 0.001 | |
| Mitral A-velocity (m/sec) | 0.78 ± 0.30 | 0.84 ± 0.29 | 0.70 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 | |
| E′ velocity (cm/sec) | 5.10 ± 2.07 | 5.21 ± 2.03 | 4.99 ± 2.10 | < 0.001 | |
| E/E′ ratio | 18.4 ± 9.3 | 15.6 ± 7.1 | 21.7 ± 10.6 | 0.144 | |
| PASP (mmHg) | 42.3 ± 13.3 | 34.7 ± 7.9 | 49.4 ± 13.3 | < 0.001 | |
| RVFAC (%) | 44.2 ± 12.2 | 49.1 ± 10.8 | 39.8 ± 11.7 | < 0.001 | |
| TAPSE (mm) | 14.8 ± 4.7 | 17.7 ± 4.0 | 12.1 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 | |
| Definition of HF | < 0.001 | ||||
| HFrEF | 638 (55.6) | 252 (45.7) | 386 (64.8) | ||
| HFmrEF | 175 (15.3) | 110 (20.0) | 65 (10.9) | ||
| HFpEF | 334 (29.1) | 189 (34.3) | 145 (24.3) | ||
| Medication at discharge | |||||
| RAS-inhibitor | 865 (75.5) | 408 (74.0) | 457 (76.8) | 0.303 | |
| Beta-blocker | 919 (80.2) | 429 (77.9) | 490 (82.4) | 0.064 | |
| MRA | 631 (55.1) | 280 (50.8) | 351 (59.0) | 0.006 | |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
BMI: body mass index, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HF: heart failure, HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, LA: left atrium, LAGLS: left atrial global longitudinal strain, LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic dimension, LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume, MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NYHA Fc: New York Heart Association functional class, PASP: pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, RAS: renin-angiotensin system, RVFAC: right ventricular fractional area change, SBP: systolic blood pressure, TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.