. 2023 Oct 4;32:98–123. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.017

Table 3.

Decellularized tissue/graft mechanical properties in comparison with the native tissue.

Tissue	Mechanical Testing	Property Assessed	Native Tissue	dECM	Ref
Trachea
	Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	2.68 MPa	2 MPa	[283]
Cartilage
	Compression Testing	Instantaneous Compressive Modulus	4 MPa	0.6 MPa	[284]
	Compressive Strength Testing	Elastic Modulus	0.36 ± 0.07 MPa	0.55 ± 0.15 MPa	[285]
	Tension-Torsion Compression Testing	Ultimate Tensile Strength	2.10 ± 0.29 MPa	1.90 ± 0.31 MPa	[286]
	Tension-Torsion Compression Testing	Elastic Modulus	18.40 ± 4.02 MPa	16.49 ± 4.79 MPa	[286]
	Stress-Relaxation Testing	Equilibrium Modulus	∼148 kPa	∼20 kPa	[154]
Bone
	Unconfined Compression Testing	Elastic Modulus	198.2 ± 159.5 MPa	144.9 ± 101.3 MPa	[287]
	Compression Testing Three-Point Bending Testing	Elastic Modulus	Radius: 7 ± 1 GPa Ulna: 6 ± 1 GPa	Radius: 7 ± 3 GPa Ulna: 9 ± 3 GPa	[288]
		Compressive Strength	Radius: 173 ± 4 MPa Ulna: 125 ± 24 MPa	Radius: 116 ± 42 MPa Ulna: 129 ± 39 MPa
		Yield Strength	Radius: 168 ± 5 MPa Ulna: 120 ± 26 MPa	Radius: 113 ± 41 MPa Ulna: 124 ± 40 MPa
Bone-Fibrocartilage-Tendon (BFT)	Uniaxial Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	501.48 ± 91.56 MPa	384.97 ± 86.37 MPa	[188]
		Ultimate Tensile Strength	53.27 ± 11.84 MPa	45.41 ± 7.05 MPa
		Failure Strain at UTS	0.143 ± 0.009	0.129 ± 0.014
Muscle
	Stress-Relaxation Testing	Tangent Modulus	308 ± 51.1 kPa	218.24.5 kPa	[289]
	Uniaxial Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	0.19 ± 0.07 MPa	0.41 ± 0.32 MPa	[290]
		Ultimate Tensile Strength	0.21 ± 0.08 MPa	1.32 ± 0.85 MPa
		Strain at Failure	1.24 ± 0.27	160 ± 0.30
	Uniaxial Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	2.04 ± 0.54 MPa	1.74 ± 0.46 MPa	[291]
		Ultimate Tensile Strength	0.19 ± 0.03 MPa	0.23 ± 0.04 MPa
		Strain at UTS	1.23 ± 0.44	1.38 ± 0.27
Tendon
	Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	299.71 ± 41.67 MPa	210.68 ± 46.43 MPa	[292]
		Ultimate Tensile Strength	34.67 ± 3.47 MPa	29.69 ± 6.73 MPa
		Strain at UTS	15.50 ± 3.12%	19.16 ± 4.58%
		Stiffness	25.50 ± 3.71 N/mm	27.40 ± 8.66 N/mm
	Ultimate Tensile Stress Testing	Yield Strain	8.337 ± 0.142%	7.829 ± 0.442%	[293]
		Failure Strain	8.712 ± 0.510%	8.851 ± 0.216%
		Yield Stress	5.774 ± 0.44 MPa	5.782 ± 0.775 MPa
		Failure Stress	6.029 ± 0.414 MPa	6.045 ± 0.759 MPa
		Elastic Modulus	76.13 ± 4.12 MPa	70.31 ± 5.91 MPa
	Ultimate Load to Failure Testing	Ultimate Load	200.39 ± 22.11 N	185.95 ± 7.91 N	[294]
	Ultimate Load to Failure Testing	Stiffness	44.26 ± 2.96 N/mm	45.99 ± 5.4 N/mm	[294]
Aorta
	Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	551.1 ± 152.2 kPa	416.5 ± 72.6 kPa	[77]