Table 5.
Cell-derived ECM biomaterials/grafts developed using different cell sources.
| Cells | Decellularization Method | Application | In vitro Recellularization | In vitro/in vivo assessment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) MC3T3 osteoblasts L929 fibroblasts |
Five freeze-thaw cycles (liquid nitrogen and 37 °C water bath) Rinsed with sterile PBS, double distilled water and hypotonic solution DNase I treatment |
Bone Tissue | Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) | Supported BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation to different extents Ectopic osteogenesis after subcutaneous implantation |
[232] |
| Bone marrow (BM)- and adipose (AD)-derived stromal cells | PBS containing 0.5% Triton X-100 and 20 mM NH4OH at 37 °C Washed with PBS and sterile distilled water |
Tissue specific culture system development for replicating in vivo niche | BM- and AD-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) | Promoted proliferation and differentiation of MSCs, enhanced when cell origin matched CDM ECM | [233] |
| Coculture of Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | 0.5% Triton X‐100 containing 20 mM NH4OH in PBS for 5 min Washed using PBS 5 times and air-dried |
Bone Tissue | Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Enhanced osteogenic differentiation and angiogenic response | [234] |
| Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) cultured in growth and adipogenic medium | Triton X-100 containing 20 mM (NH4OH) in 0.1 M glycine in PBS Washed with PBS and distilled water DNase and RNAse treatment Freeze-thaw cycles Fixed in 0.1% glutaraldehyde and treated with 0.1 M glycine in PBS |
Stepwise regulation of stem cell function in adipose tissue engineering | Adipose tissue-derived stem cells | Greater migration ability cultured on growth CDM and adipogenic differentiation on adipogenic CDM | [235] |
| C2C12 Myoblasts at various stages of differentiation | PBS containing 0.5% Triton X-100 and 20 mM NH4OH PBS containing 10 mM MgCl2, DNase I and RNase A Treatment with 0.1% glutaraldehyde in PBS for 6 h |
Muscle Tissue | C2C12 Myoblasts | Promoted myogenic differentiation in myogenic culture with early and late myogenic markers with varying levels of myogenic culture | [236] |
| Human lung fibroblasts | Treatment with 0.2% Triton X-100 and 10 mM NH4OH DNase I and RNase A treatment Washed with PBS |
Expansion culture of MSCs with maintained “stemness” | Umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (UCB-MSCs) | Enhanced cell proliferation with elongated morphology. Improved cell motility with up-regulated CXCR4 cell migration marker. Retained differentiation capacity into osteogenic lineage |
[238] |
| Human articular chondrocytes (AC) Bone marrow stromal cells (BM) |
PBS containing 0.5% Triton X-100 with 20 mM NH4OH Washed with PBS and deionized water |
In vitro chondrocyte expansion with decreased dedifferentiation | Human articular chondrocytes | Faster proliferation and highest ratio of COL2A1/COL1A1 cultured on AC-CDMs compared to BM-CDMs | [242] |
| Synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) Adipose-derived stem cells Dermal fibroblasts |
0.5% Triton X-100 containing 20 mM NH4OH | Cartilage tissue | Synovium-derived stem cells | Increased cell proliferation and increased chondrogenic markers when cultured on SDSC-CDM with lower hypertrophy potential | [243] |
| Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) | Six freeze-thaw cycles (−80 °C and RT) | Wound dressings | L929 Fibroblasts | Supported survival and proliferation of cells in vitro. Improved wound healing of full-thickness skin excision in mouse model |
[246] |
| Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) | 1% Triton X-100 for 30 min DNAse I treatment Rinsed with PBS |
Neural Tissue | ESC-derived neural progenitor cells | Enhanced proliferation and neural differentiation | [247] |