Fig. 1.

The study design, variation in pupal weight, and patterns of meiotic crossover in Papilio. (A) Geographic distribution and species relationships in the P. bianor complex (Scale bar; 1,000 km). (B) Crossing design. (C) Pupal weight variation among parents, F₁s, and backcrosses. Horizontal bars represent the mean ± SE. Vertical lines represent the mean ± SD. (D) Changes in mean pupal weight between F₁s and parents in each sex. Error bars are standard errors of the mean changes. The significance of male vs. female differences is shown as P-values of Z-tests. (E) The crossover frequency in F₁ males per chromosome pair per meiosis. Chr14 is excluded due to assembly problems. (F) Recombination breakpoints on the Z chromosome are uniformly distributed (the P-value is from a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). Vertical bars are inferred breakpoints.