Table 1.

The effects of dietary fiber on the fecal and gut microbiota of gestating sows¹⁾

Main source	Inclusion rate (%)	Fiber composition in diet2) (%)				Feed allowance3) (kg/d)		Feeding length	Microbial diversity	Changing relative abundance			References
		Control		Treatment		Control	Treatment			Phylum level		Another taxon
		SDF	IDF	SDF	IDF
Konjac flour	2.20	2.30	18.16	4.00	45.93	2.42	2.41	Gestating period	-	-	-	○	[19]5)
Guar gum plus Pregelatinized waxy maize starch	2.00	Not provided		Not provided		2.42		Gestating period	↑	○	F:B4)(↑)	○	[35]
Stevia residue	20.0	Not provided		Not provided		2.76	3.70	Gestating period	↑	○	F:B (↑)	○	[92]6)
	30.0
	40.0
Wheat bran	18.0	1.57	10.91	2.02	15.33	2.40	2.56	Gestating period	×	○	F:B (↓)	○	[93]6)
Wheat bran and fiber mix	16.4 / 1.0			2.16	15.56
(Wheat bran / fiber)	14.8 / 2.0			2.29	15.79
	13.2 / 3.0			2.42	16.01
	11.6 / 4.0			2.56	16.24
Inulin	1.60	Not provided		Not provided		3.30		d 80 of gestation to farrowing	×	○	F:B (↓)	○	[36]
Alfalfa meal	10.0	2.12	15.9	2.23	22.74	Recommendations of NRC (2012)		d 60 of gestation to farrowing	×	○	×	○	[37]5)
Wheat bran	30.0	1.39	9.98	1.86	19.95	3.00	3.31	d 80 of gestation to weaning	×	○	×	○	[62]6),7)
Sugar beet pulp	20.0			4.06	17.54		3.07				×
Fine wheat bran	20.0	2.20	18.28	2.79	17.55	2.51		Gestating period	↑	○	F:B (↓)	○	[48]
Inulin	0.83	0	0	0.83	20.00	2.40	2.90	Insemination to d 106 of gestation	×	○	F:B (↓)	○	[90]
Cellulose	20.0
Lignocellulose	1.50	2.18	17.31	2.10	18.00	3.00	3.03	d 85 of gestation to farrowing	×	○	×	○	[18]5),6)
Resistant starch	2.00			4.10	16.50		3.04				×
Konjac flour	2.00			2.17	14.84		3.04				F:B (↓)

¹⁾A circle sign (○) represents significant difference at p<0.05, a multiplication sign (×) represents no difference at p>0.05, an up-arrow sign (↑) and down arrow sign (↓) represents significant increase and decrease at p<0.05, respectively.

²⁾SDF, soluble dietary fiber; IDF, insoluble dietary fiber; IDF:SDF, insoluble dietary fiber to soluble dietary fiber ratio.

³⁾Weighted average value based on feeding length during gestating period.

⁴⁾F:B, Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio.

⁵⁾The fiber composition in diet was calculated value based on previous study [9,12,19,76].

⁶⁾The control and treatment groups were adjusted to have similar metabolizable or digestible energy intake through different feed intake.

⁷⁾Dietary fiber composition of lactation diet; the control, wheat bran, and sugar beet pulp diets contained 11.8%, 16.8%, and 16.9% total dietary fiber, 1.43%, 2.72%, and 1.70% soluble dietary fiber, and 10.4%, 14.1%, and 15.2% insoluble dietary fiber, respectively.