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. 2023 Oct 20;71(43):16270–16285. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04515

Table 1. Concentration of Markers of Glycoxidative Stress (Means ± Standard Deviation) in the Feed, Luminal Contents (Digests) at Each Stage of the Gastrointestinal Tract, and in the Feces of Wistar Rats (n = 6 Per Group) Fed Ad Libitum for 10 Weeks with a Control Base Diet and either Drinking Water (Control) or a 30% Fructose Water Solution (Fructose).

    α-AS1 γ-GS2 total PPC3 APOPs4 TBARS5
feed   0.34f ± 0.09 0.15e ± 0.04 0.49f ± 0.26 210f ± 52 0.07d ± 0.01
stomach control 0.55e ± 0.07 0.19de ± 0.02 0.74e ± 0.25 305de ± 63 0.12c ± 0.03
fructose 0.94cd ± 0.13 0.35cd ± 0.06 1.29c ± 0.32 541c ± 48 0.11c ± 0.02
jejunum control 0.24f ± 0.04 0.19de ± 0.04 0.43f ± 0.12 340d ± 51 0.29a ± 0.06
fructose 0.67de ± 0.12 0.39c ± 0.08 1.06de ± 0.28 784b ± 102 0.35a ± 0.07
cecum control 1.81b ± 0.39 0.37c ± 0.08 2.18b ± 0.59 244ef ± 47 0.17b ± 0.02
fructose 2.06b ± 0.29 0.58b ± 0.09 2.64b ± 0.35 511c ± 62 0.19b ± 0.03
colon control 1.17c ± 0.25 0.28d ± 0.07 1.45c ± 0.38 366d ± 43 0.15bc ± 0.02
fructose 3.25a ± 0.62 1.01a ± 0.18 4.26a ± 0.79 1025a ± 125 0.13c ± 0.02
feces control 0.45ef ± 0.10 0.23d ± 0.08 0.68e ± 0.15 201f ± 42 0.11c ± 0.03
fructose 0.86d ± 0.15 0.34cd ± 0.07 1.20cd ±0.19 192f ± 36 0.13c ± 0.03
p-value6 stage *** ** *** ** *
diet ** * *** ** ns
S × D ns ns ns * ns
1

α-Aminoadipic semialdehyde. Results are expressed as nmol carbonyl/mg protein.

2

γ-Glutamic semialdehyde. Results are expressed as nmol carbonyl/mg protein.

3

Total primary protein carbonyls. Results are expressed as nmol carbonyl/mg of protein.

4

Advanced protein oxidation products. Results are expressed as arbitrary fluorescent units.

5

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Results are expressed as mg MDA/100 g sample (feed, digests, feces).

6

Significance level in two-way ANOVA with the effects of the stage (S) (feed, GIT compartments, feces), diet (D) (control vs fructose), and the interaction (S × D).

Means with different letters within the same column were significantly different in Tukey post hoc analysis (p < 0.05). ns: no significance, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.