Table 1:
Descriptive characteristics of study sample
| Age 70–74 | Age 75–84 | Age 85+ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screened | Unscreened | Standardized Difference | Screened | Unscreened | Standardized Difference | Screened | Unscreened | Standardized Difference | |
| Number of Beneficiaries | 17,488 | 2,437 | 23,613 | 5,707 | 3,384 | 2,006 | |||
| Age, mean (95% CI) | 72.0 (72.0–72.0) | 72.1 (72.0–72.1) | 0.04 | 78.6 (78.6–78.7) | 79.3 (79.2–79.3) | 0.23 | 87.2 (87.1–87.3) | 87.8 (87.7–87.9) | 0.27 |
| Life Expectancy in months, mean (95% CI) | 118.3 (118.1–118.4) | 115.6 (115.0–116.2) | 0.22 | 105.6 (105.4–105.9) | 97.7 (97.0–98.4) | 0.33 | 62.4 (61.7–63.0) | 56.9 (56.0–57.8) | 0.28 |
| LE <=5 Years | 116 (1) | 62 (3) | 0.15 | 1263 (5) | 666 (12) | 0.23 | 1418 (42) | 1069 (53) | 0.23 |
| LE 6–10 Years | 1055 (6) | 280 (11) | 0.19 | 10484 (44) | 2976 (52) | 0.16 | 1966 (58) | 937 (47) | 0.23 |
| LE > 10 Years | 16317 (93) | 2095 (86) | 0.24 | 11866 (50) | 2065 (36) | 0.29 | NA | NA | NA |
| Race and Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Black | 1005 (6) | 216 (9) | 0.12 | 1130 (5) | 388 (7) | 0.09 | 159 (5) | 113 (6) | 0.04 |
| Other | 618 (4) | 134 (5) | 0.09 | 626 (3) | 212 (4) | 0.06 | 84 (2) | 47 (2) | 0.01 |
| White | 15184 (87) | 1936 (79) | 0.20 | 21258 (90) | 4846 (85) | 0.15 | 3070 (91) | 1796 (90) | 0.04 |
| Hispanic | 681 (4) | 151 (6) | 0.11 | 599 (3) | 261 (5) | 0.11 | 71 (2) | 50 (2) | 0.03 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||||
| 0 | 10533 (60) | 1186 (49) | 0.23 | 12723 (54) | 2494 (44) | 0.20 | 1547 (46) | 819 (41) | 0.10 |
| 1 to 2 | 5961 (34) | 989 (41) | 0.13 | 8948 (38) | 2373 (42) | 0.08 | 1452 (43) | 861 (43) | 0.0003 |
| 3+ | 994 (6) | 262 (11) | 0.19 | 1942 (8) | 840 (15) | 0.20 | 385 (11) | 326 (16) | 0.14 |
| Flu vaccine in prior 12 months | 10322 (59) | 1152 (47) | 0.24 | 14791 (63) | 3132 (55) | 0.16 | 2190 (65) | 1176 (59) | 0.13 |
| Primary care provider visit in prior 12 months | 14451 (83) | 1944 (80) | 0.07 | 19716 (83) | 4612 (81) | 0.07 | 2790 (82) | 1626 (81) | 0.04 |
| Frail | 1635 (9) | 453 (19) | 0.27 | 3219 (14) | 1443 (25) | 0.30 | 681 (20) | 605 (30) | 0.23 |
| Zip code level poverty | |||||||||
| < 5% | 4073 (23) | 450 (18) | 0.12 | 5597 (24) | 1207 (21) | 0.06 | 734 (22) | 444 (22) | 0.01 |
| 5–9.9% | 5433 (31) | 703 (29) | 0.05 | 7496 (32) | 1678 (29) | 0.05 | 1106 (33) | 586 (29) | 0.08 |
| 10–19.9% | 5321 (30) | 814 (33) | 0.06 | 7046 (30) | 1753 (31) | 0.02 | 1005 (30) | 595 (30) | 0.001 |
| >=20% | 2211 (13) | 394 (16) | 0.10 | 2858 (12) | 868 (15) | 0.09 | 445 (13) | 300 (15) | 0.05 |
| unknown | 450 (3) | 76 (3) | 0.03 | 616 (3) | 201 (4) | 0.05 | 94 (3) | 81 (4) | 0.07 |
| State buy-in | 1538 (9) | 460 (19) | 0.30 | 1761 (7) | 904 (16) | 0.26 | 269 (8) | 245 (12) | 0.14 |
| Nonmetro residence | 2942 (17) | 441 (18) | 0.03 | 3559 (15) | 942 (17) | 0.04 | 473 (14) | 289 (14) | 0.01 |
Notes: Column values are N (column percent) except for age and life expectancy, where values indicate mean (95% confidence interval).
Bolded values indicate that the standardized mean difference is ≥ 0.1. Life expectancy (LE) was calculated from age, sex, and comorbidities using the method by Tan, et al. For race and ethnicity, the “other” category includes the following groups, which were combined to maintain privacy because of small cell size: Asian, North American Native, Other, Unknown. Comorbidity categories indicate number of Elixhauser conditions previously found to be significantly associated with reduced survival in a non-cancer cohort. Frailty was calculated from procedure and diagnosis codes using algorithm by Kim, et al., dichotomized at a score of 0.2. State buy-in refers to patients for whom the state pays Medicare premiums, an approximation of dual Medicare/Medicaid eligibility. Nonmetro residence was defined using state and county in 2003 with Rural Urban Continuum Codes. NA=not applicable