Table 3.
Correlates of experiencing violence among male participants in the past year
| Variables | Any Violence | Physical Violence | Threaten Violence | Sexual Violence | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | |
| Total | ||||||||
| 1074/2336[46%] | 839/2336[36%] | 609/2336[26%] | 124/2336[5%] | |||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–30 years | 362/775 [47%] | 1(Ref) | 287/775 [37%] | 1(Ref) | 205/775 [26%] | 1(Ref) | 42/775 [5%] | 1(Ref) |
| 31–40 years | 477/999 [48%] | 1.02 [0.93, 1.13] | 379/999 [38%] | 1.02 [0.91, 1.16] | 268/999 [27%] | 1.01 [0.87, 1.19] | 66/999 [7%] | 1.22 [0.84, 1.77] |
| > 40 years | 235/562 [42%] | 0.9 [0.79, 1.01] | 173/562 [31%] | 0.83 *[0.71, 0.97] | 136/562 [24%] | 0.91 [0.76, 1.1] | 16/562 [3%] | 0.53 *[0.3, 0.92] |
| Region | ||||||||
| Nairobi | 422/1088 [39%] | 1(Ref) | 366/1088 [34%] | 1(Ref) | 213/1088 [20%] | 1(Ref) | 16/1088 [1%] | 1(Ref) |
| Coast | 652/1248 [52%] | 1.35 **[1.23, 1.48] | 473/1248 [38%] | 1.13 *[1.01, 1.26] | 396/1248 [32%] | 1.62 **[1.4, 1.87] | 108/1248 [9%] | 5.88 **[3.5, 9.89] |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Single | 383/898 [43%] | 1(Ref) | 316/898 [35%] | 1(Ref) | 202/898 [22%] | 1(Ref) | 43/898 [5%] | 1(Ref) |
| Married | 298/669 [45%] | 1.04 [0.93, 1.17] | 218/669 [33%] | 0.93 [0.8, 1.07] | 174/669 [26%] | 1.16 [0.97, 1.38] | 50/669 [7%] | 1.56 * [1.05, 2.32] |
| Partnered | 66/114 [58%] | 1.36 *[1.14, 1.62] | 47/114 [41%] | 1.17 [0.92, 1.48] | 47/114 [41%] | 1.83 ** [1.43, 2.35] | 9/114 [8%] | 1.65 [0.83, 3.29] |
| Divorced/Separated/Widow | 327/654 [50%] | 1.17 *[1.05, 1.31] | 258/654 [39%] | 1.12 [0.98, 1.28] | 186/654 [28%] | 1.26 *[1.06, 1.5] | 22/654 [3%] | 0.7 [0.42, 1.16] |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Formal | 54/133 [41%] | 1(Ref) | 38/133 [29%] | 1(Ref) | 28/133 [21%] | 1(Ref) | 7/133 [5%] | 1(Ref) |
| Self-employ | 102/252 [40%] | 1 [0.77, 1.29] | 75/252 [30%] | 1.04 [0.75, 1.45] | 57/252 [23%] | 1.07 [0.72, 1.6] | 10/252 [4%] | 0.75 [0.29, 1.94] |
| Informal | 204/465 [44%] | 1.08 [0.86, 1.36] | 160/465 [34%] | 1.2 [0.9, 1.62] | 117/465 [25%] | 1.2 [0.83, 1.72] | 15/465 [3%] | 0.61 [0.26, 1.47] |
| Illegal | 94/167 [56%] | 1.39 *[1.08, 1.77] | 74/167 [44%] | 1.55 *[1.13, 2.13] | 63/167 [38%] | 1.79 * [1.22, 2.63] | 10/167 [6%] | 1.14 [0.45, 2.91] |
| No income or partner family support | 27/76 [36%] | 0.88 [0.61, 1.26] | 21/76 [28%] | 0.97 [0.62, 1.52] | 18/76 [24%] | 1.12 [0.67, 1.89] | 5/76 [7%] | 1.25 [0.41, 3.8] |
| Housing | ||||||||
| Stable | 916/2027 [45%] | 1(Ref) | 700/2027 [35%] | 1(Ref) | 518/2027 [26%] | 1(Ref) | 119/2027 [6%] | 1(Ref) |
| Unstable | 158/307 [51%] | 1.14 *[1.01, 1.28] | 139/307 [45%] | 1.31 **[1.14, 1.5] | 91/307 [30%] | 1.16 [0.96, 1.4] | 5/307 [2%] | 0.28 **[0.11, 0.67] |
| Partner type | ||||||||
| Injecting | 772/1685 [46%] | 1(Ref) | 599/1685 [36%] | 1(Ref) | 438/1685 [26%] | 1(Ref) | 82/1685 [5%] | 1(Ref) |
| Sexual | 169/367 [46%] | 1.01[0.89, 1.14] | 132/367 [36%] | 1.01[0.87, 1.18] | 104/367 [28%] | 1.09[0.91, 1.31] | 26/367 [7%] | 1.46[0.95, 2.23] |
| Both sex and inject | 130/279 [47%] | 1.02[0.89, 1.17] | 107/279 [38%] | 1.08[0.92, 1.27] | 66/279 [24%] | 0.91[0.73, 1.14] | 15/279 [5%] | 1.1[0.65, 1.89] |
| HIV status | ||||||||
| Negative | 938/2046 [46%] | 1(Ref) | 739/2046 [36%] | 1(Ref) | 529/2046 [26%] | 1(Ref) | 107/2046 [5%] | 1(Ref) |
| Positive | 130/280 [46%] | 1.01 [0.89, 1.16] | 96/280 [34%] | 0.95 [0.8, 1.13] | 77/280 [28%] | 1.06 [0.87, 1.3] | 16/280 [6%] | 1.09 [0.66, 1.82] |
| ART | ||||||||
| On ART | 103/221 [47%] | 1(Ref) | 76/221 [34%] | 1(Ref) | 59/221 [27%] | 1(Ref) | 8/221 [4%] | 1(Ref) |
| Not on ART | 27/59 [46%] | 0.98 [0.72, 1.34] | 20/59 [34%] | 0.99 [0.66, 1.47] | 18/59 [31%] | 1.14 [0.73, 1.78] | 8/59 [14%] | 3.75 *[1.47, 9.56] |
| Injecting drug use and Methadone status | ||||||||
| No active IDU/Methadone | 13/47 [28%] | 1(Ref) | 12/47 [26%] | 1(Ref) | 6/47 [13%] | 1(Ref) | 0/47 [0%] | 1(Ref) |
| Active IDU/Methadone | 172/367 [47%] | 1.69 *[1.05, 2.72] | 134/367 [37%] | 1.43 [0.86, 2.37] | 101/367 [28%] | 2.16 *[1.0, 4.64] | 36/367 [10%] | Inf *[NaN, Inf] |
| Active IDU/ No Methadone | 696/1542 [45%] | 1.63 *[1.02, 2.6] | 554/1542 [36%] | 1.41 [0.86, 2.3] | 371/1542 [24%] | 1.88 [0.89, 4] | 50/1542 [3%] | Inf [NaN, Inf] |
| No active IDU/ No Methadone | 13/27 [48%] | 1.74 [0.95, 3.19] | 10/27 [37%] | 1.45 [0.73, 2.9] | 8/27 [30%] | 2.32 [0.9, 5.98] | 2/27 [7%] | Inf [NaN, Inf] |
| Male participants’ sexual partners | ||||||||
| Only women | 957/2138 [45%] | 1(Ref) | 751/2138 [35%] | 1(Ref) | 518/2138 [24%] | 1(Ref) | 93/2138 [4%] | 1(Ref) |
| Men (or both men and women) | 116/190 [61%] | 1.36 **[1.21, 1.54] | 87/190 [46%] | 1.3 *[1.11, 1.54] | 90/190 [47%] | 1.96 **[1.65, 2.31] | 31/190 [16%] | 3.75 **[2.57, 5.48] |
*Significant at 0.05 alpha level (p value < 0.05)
**Significant at 0.001 alpha level (p value < 0.001)