Table 4.
Correlates of experiencing violence among female participants in the past year
| Variables | Any Violence | Physical Violence | Threaten Violence | Sexual Violence | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | n/N (%) | PR[95% CI] | |
| Total | ||||||||
| 365/966[38%] | 313/966[32%] | 149/966[15%] | 108/966[11%] | |||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–30 years | 180/498 [36%] | 1(Ref) | 155/498 [31%] | 1(Ref) | 68/498 [14%] | 1(Ref) | 55/498 [11%] | 1(Ref) |
| 31–40 years | 146/355 [41%] | 1.14 [0.96, 1.35] | 125/355 [35%] | 1.13 [0.93, 1.37] | 65/355 [18%] | 1.34 [0.98, 1.83] | 39/355 [11%] | 0.99 [0.68, 1.46] |
| > 40 years | 39/113 [35%] | 0.95 [0.72, 1.26] | 33/113 [29%] | 0.94 [0.68, 1.29] | 16/113 [14%] | 1.04 [0.63, 1.72] | 14/113 [12%] | 1.12 [0.65, 1.94] |
| Region | ||||||||
| Nairobi | 173/626 [28%] | 1(Ref) | 144/626 [23%] | 1(Ref) | 47/626 [8%] | 1(Ref) | 38/626 [6%] | 1(Ref) |
| Coast | 192/340 [56%] | 2.04 **[1.75, 2.39] | 169/340 [50%] | 2.16 **[1.81, 2.58] | 102/340 [30%] | 4 **[2.9, 5.5] | 70/340 [21%] | 3.39 **[2.34, 4.92] |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Single | 154/470 [33%] | 1(Ref) | 129/470 [27%] | 1(Ref) | 63/470 [13%] | 1(Ref) | 41/470 [9%] | 1(Ref) |
| Married | 67/188 [36%] | 1.09 [0.86, 1.37] | 58/188 [31%] | 1.12 [0.87, 1.46] | 30/188 [16%] | 1.19 [0.8, 1.78] | 21/188 [11%] | 1.28 [0.78, 2.11] |
| Partnered | 55/107 [51%] | 1.57 **[1.25, 1.96] | 48/107 [45%] | 1.63 **[1.26, 2.11] | 25/107 [23%] | 1.74 *[1.15, 2.63] | 15/107 [14%] | 1.61 [0.92, 2.79] |
| Divorced/Separated/Widow | 89/200 [44%] | 1.36 *[1.11, 1.66] | 78/200 [39%] | 1.42 *[1.13, 1.78] | 31/200 [16%] | 1.16 [0.78, 1.72] | 31/200 [16%] | 1.78 *[1.15, 2.75] |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Formal | 22/43 [51%] | 1(Ref) | 19/43 [44%] | 1(Ref) | 14/43 [33%] | 1(Ref) | 6/43 [14%] | 1(Ref) |
| Self-employ | 49/139 [35%] | 0.69 [0.48, 1] | 44/139 [32%] | 0.72 [0.47, 1.09] | 18/139 [13%] | 0.4 *[0.22, 0.73] | 16/139 [12%] | 0.82 [0.34, 1.98] |
| Informal | 14/46 [30%] | 0.59 [0.35, 1.01] | 12/46 [26%] | 0.59 [0.33, 1.07] | 7/46 [15%] | 0.47 [0.21, 1.05] | 1/46 [2%] | 0.16 [0.02, 1.24] |
| Illegal | 149/324 [46%] | 0.9 [0.66, 1.23] | 126/324 [39%] | 0.88 [0.61, 1.26] | 58/324 [18%] | 0.55 *[0.34, 0.9] | 49/324 [15%] | 1.08 [0.49, 2.38] |
| No income or partner family support | 68/180 [38%] | 0.74 [0.52, 1.04] | 57/180 [32%] | 0.72 [0.48, 1.07] | 32/180 [18%] | 0.55 *[0.32, 0.93] | 21/180 [12%] | 0.84 [0.36, 1.94] |
| Housing | ||||||||
| Stable | 322/861 [37%] | 1(Ref) | 276/861 [32%] | 1(Ref) | 128/861 [15%] | 1(Ref) | 99/861 [11%] | 1(Ref) |
| Unstable | 43/103 [42%] | 1.12 [0.87, 1.42] | 37/103 [36%] | 1.12 [0.85, 1.48] | 21/103 [20%] | 1.37 [0.91, 2.07] | 9/103 [9%] | 0.76 [0.4, 1.46] |
| Partner type | ||||||||
| Injecting | 216/641 [34%] | 1(Ref) | 183/641 [29%] | 1(Ref) | 74/641 [12%] | 1(Ref) | 62/641 [10%] | 1(Ref) |
| Sexual | 87/223 [39%] | 1.16[0.95, 1.41] | 74/223 [33%] | 1.16[0.93, 1.45] | 50/223 [22%] | 1.94 **[1.4, 2.69] | 33/223 [15%] | 1.53 *[1.03, 2.27] |
| Both sex and inject | 61/101 [60%] | 1.79 **[1.48, 2.17] | 55/101 [54%] | 1.91 **[1.54, 2.37] | 24/101 [24%] | 2.06 *[1.37, 3.1] | 12/101 [12%] | 1.23[0.69, 2.2] |
| HIV status | ||||||||
| Negative | 240/651 [37%] | 1(Ref) | 198/651 [30%] | 1(Ref) | 106/651 [16%] | 1(Ref) | 70/651 [11%] | 1(Ref) |
| Positive | 125/314 [40%] | 1.08 [0.91, 1.28] | 115/314 [37%] | 1.2 [1, 1.45] | 43/314 [14%] | 0.84 [0.61, 1.17] | 38/314 [12%] | 1.13 [0.78, 1.63] |
| ART | ||||||||
| On ART | 96/240 [40%] | 1(Ref) | 87/240 [36%] | 1(Ref) | 31/240 [13%] | 1(Ref) | 27/240 [11%] | 1(Ref) |
| Not on ART | 29/74 [39%] | 0.98 [0.71, 1.35] | 28/74 [38%] | 1.04 [0.75, 1.46] | 12/74 [16%] | 1.26 [0.68, 2.32] | 11/74 [15%] | 1.32 [0.69, 2.53] |
| Injecting drug use and Methadone status | ||||||||
| No active IDU/Methadone | 6/22 [27%] | 1(Ref) | 6/22 [27%] | 1(Ref) | 1/22 [5%] | 1(Ref) | 1/22 [5%] | 1(Ref) |
| Active IDU/Methadone | 57/108 [53%] | 1.94 *[0.96, 3.92] | 48/108 [44%] | 1.63 [0.8, 3.33] | 22/108 [20%] | 4.48 [0.64, 31.53] | 20/108 [19%] | 4.07 [0.58, 28.79] |
| Active IDU/ No Methadone | 208/605 [34%] | 1.26 [0.63, 2.52] | 175/605 [29%] | 1.06 [0.53, 2.12] | 74/605 [12%] | 2.69 [0.39, 18.48] | 54/605 [9%] | 1.96 [0.28, 13.55] |
| No active IDU/ No Methadone | 13/30 [43%] | 1.59 [0.72, 3.52] | 12/30 [40%] | 1.47 [0.65, 3.3] | 4/30 [13%] | 2.93 [0.35, 24.47] | 3/30 [10%] | 2.2 [0.24, 19.76] |
| Female participants’ sexual partners | ||||||||
| Only men | 323/892 [36%] | 1(Ref) | 277/892 [31%] | 1(Ref) | 132/892 [15%] | 1(Ref) | 94/892 [11%] | 1(Ref) |
| Women (or both men and women) | 42/72 [58%] | 1.61 **[1.3, 1.99] | 36/72 [50%] | 1.61 *[1.25, 2.07] | 17/72 [24%] | 1.6[1.02, 2.49] | 14/72 [19%] | 1.85 *[1.11, 3.07] |
*Significant at 0.05 alpha level (p value < 0.05)
**Significant at 0.001 alpha level (p value < 0.001)