Table 2.

Outcome at baseline, postintervention, and 6 months follow-up

Measures	Groups, CrExp (n=48) and CG (n=45)	Baseline Mean ± SE	Postintervention, Mean ±1 SE	Follow-Up Mean ± SE	Postintervention			Follow-Up
					P-value (Group)	P-value (Time)	Effect Size (95% CI)	P-value (Group)	P-value (Time)	Effect Size (95% CI)
MoCA	CrExp	22.04±2.73	24.68±1.84	24.33±1.53	0.001*	<0.001	d=0.79 (0.34, 1.43)	0.031*	<0.001	d=0.53 (0.10, 1.03)
	CG	21.88±2.96	23.13±1.68	23.07±1.20		<0.001			<0.001
NCSE	CrExp	50.87±1.75	61.34±2.03	60.90±1.84	<0.001	<0.001	d=0.82 (0.36, 1.36)	0.019*	<0.001	d=0.49 (0.07, 0.81)
Normal domain	CG	52.64±1.03	57.33±1.15	57.06±166		0.001			<0.001
NCSE	CrExp	4.87±0.25	7.03±0.63	7.16±0.86	0.001*	<0.001	d=0.86 (0.29, 1.31)	0.027*	<0.001	d=0.31 (–0.06, 0.70)
Composite domain	CG	5.14±0.17	6.33±0.58	5.92±0.75		<0.001			<0.001
CVAVLT	CrExp	5.72±0.41	7.48±0.67	7.39±0.72	0.023*	<0.001	d=0.54 (0.08, 0.97)	0.145	<0.001	d=0.67 (0.18, 1.13)
Immediate recall	CG	5.03±0.36	6.35±0.59	6.23±0.85		<0.001			<0.001
CVAVLT	CrExp	15.42±0.77	18.55±0.88	19.70±0.94	0.012*	<0.001	d=0.43 (0.03, 0.89)	0.025*	<0.001	d=0.38 (–0.06, 0.75)
Delay recall	CG	15.53±0.86	17.30±0.64	18.16±0.73		<0.001			<0.001
CVCVFT	CrExp	9.81±0.69	11.77±0.58	11.38±0.61	0.017*	<0.001	d=0.47 (0.05, 0.91)	0.109	<0.001	d=0.51 (0.09, 0.88)
	CG	9.77±0.58	10.20±0.64	10.31±0.43		0.009*			0.011*
DST	CrExp	7.34±1.28	9.63±1.28	9.17±1.01	<0.001	<0.001	d=0.29 (–0.10, 0.75)	0.034*	<0.001	d=0.45 (0.03, 0.89)
	CG	7.45±1.59	8.69±1.48	7.44±1.43		0.013*			0.021*
TMT-A	CrExp	136.29±11.13	113.40±8.61	110.42±6.81	0.087	<0.001	d=0.45 (0.01, 0.88)	0.089	<0.001	d=0.63 (0.20, 1.04)
	CG	132.14±12.85	114.54±7.39	120.13±5.29		<0.001			<0.001
TMT-B	CrExp	245.14±10.59	202.57±8.14	198.91±7.90	0.030*	<0.001	d=0.38 (0.04, 0.76)	0.016*	<0.001	d=–0.11 (–0.55, 0.37)
	CG	238.34±9.91	215.45±7.51	221.77±8.57		<0.001			<0.001
CVADL	CrExp	25.49±0.39	23.18±0.52	23.11±0.32	0.041*	0.002*	d=0.92 (0.53, 1.46)	0.043*	0.016*	d=0.59 (0.16, 0.99)
	CG	26.06±0.44	25.49±0.47	25.21±0.36		0.063			0.056
MSQ	CrExp	48.13±0.84	36.77±0.74	37.54±0.59	<0.001	<0.001	d=0.66 (0.23, 1.06)	0.008*	<0.001	d=0.32 (–0.01, 0.69)
	CG	47.26±0.69	42.16±0.82	41.36±0.63		<0.001			<0.001

Notes: Effect size was defined as Cohen’s d of the CrExp group compared with the CG. Mean = adjusted mean after Bonferroni correction. *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CVADL, Chinese Version of Activities of Daily Living; CVAVLT, Chinese Version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CVCVFT, Chinese Version of the Category Verbal Fluency Test; CG, control group; CI, confidence interval; CrExp, creative expression; DST, Digital Span Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MSQ, Memory Satisfaction Questionnaire; NCSE, Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination; SE, standard error; TMT-A, Trail Making Test A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test B.