TABLE 1.

Comparison of different ACT.

ACT Type	Advantages	Disadvantages
TIL	High response rate in melanoma; proven clinical efficacy	Limited availability and viability of TILs; complex and time‐consuming manufacturing process
TCR‐T	Broad applicability across different cancer types; potential for improved specificity and reduced toxicity compared to CAR‐T	Limited antigen specificity; risk for TCR mispairing; complex manufacturing process
CAR‐T	High response rate in hematologic malignancies; potential for sustained antitumor activity	Risk of cytokine release syndrome; limited persistence and expansion in vivo; complex manufacturing process
CAR‐NK	Lower cases of cytokine release syndrome compared to CAR‐T; potential for improved safety profile	Limited persistence and expansion in vivo; potential for low specificity
CAR‐macrophage	Potentially penetrate solid tumors; high phagocytic activity	Limited clinical data; immunosuppressive effects
DC vaccine	Stimulate a broad immune response; potential for enhanced T cell memory	Complex manufacturing process; limited antigen specificity