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. 2023 Nov 3;6:1117. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05454-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — General cognitive function was represented by the first unrotated principal component of cognitive scores from 3 or more domains. Abbreviation DSST digit symbol substitution test, ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, CHS Cardiovascular Heart Study, FHS Framingham Heart Study, AGES age, gene/environment susceptibility – Reykjavik, BLSA Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, MESA multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, CARDIA Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, LBC Lothian Birth Cohort, MR Mendelian randomization.