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. 2023 Nov 3;13:18994. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45412-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phenotypic assessment of NK cells in convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH. Summary analysis of the frequency of (a) total NK cells out of lymphocytes, (b) CD56^bright, (c) CD56^dim, and (d) CD56^neg NK cells in SARS-CoV-2 negative (n = 28, green) and SARS-CoV-2-positive (n = 30, red) PLWH. Filled red dots: mild (non-hospitalized cases); Open circle: hospitalized cases. (e) Representative flow cytometric plots and summary analysis of the percentage of CD57⁺ NK cells in SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative PLWH. (f) Paired analysis showing the expression of CD2, CD16, NKG2A, NKG2C, PLZF, and FcεRIγ markers within CD57⁺ (red) and CD57⁻ (white) NK cells in SARS-CoV-2-positive PLWH. (g) Representative plots and summary analysis of the percentage of FcεRIγ⁺CD57⁺ NK cells in the study groups. Correlation analysis between the frequency of FcεRIγ⁺CD57⁺ NK cells and (h) HCMV IgG titers and (i) plasma level of IP-10 in SARS-CoV-2-positive PLWH. Correlation analysis between the frequency of FcεRIγ⁺CD57⁺ NK cells and (j) magnitude of Spike-specific T cell responses measured by IFN-γ-ELISpot and (k) percentage of Spike-specific CD4⁺ T cells in SARS-CoV-2-positive PLWH. (l) Correlation between frequencies of FcεRIγ⁺CD57⁺ NK cells in SARS-CoV-2-positive PLWH and neutralization titers (ID₅₀) against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Data are represented as geometric mean ± SEM [(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g), (l)]. Significance determined by two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test [(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g), (l)] or Wilcoxon-signed rank test [(f)]; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Non-parametric Spearman test (two-tailed) was used for correlation analysis (unadjusted p value displayed) [Adjusted p values after Benjamini-Hochberg (h, p = 0.0214), (i, p = 0.0478), (j, p = 0.0429), (k, p = 0.0418)]. See also Supplementary Fig. 1.