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. 2023 Nov 3;13:18994. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45412-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Antibody-dependent NK cell responses following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in PLWH. (a) Representative flow cytometric plots and (b) cross-sectional analysis of the percentage of IFN-γ⁺ CD56^dim NK cells from PLWH, with or without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, at baseline (pre-vaccine) and following each dose of vaccine. (SARS-CoV-2 naïve: n = 14 baseline, n = 9 first dose, n = 12 s dose, n = 8 third dose; prior SARS-CoV-2 n = 12 baseline, n = 7 first dose, n = 5 s dose, n = 7 third dose). (c) Representative flow cytometric plots and (d) cross-sectional analysis of frequencies of CD107a⁺ CD56^dim NK cells. Longitudinal analysis of (e) IFN-γ⁺ CD56^dim NK cells, (f) CD107a⁺CD56^dim NK cells, and (g) CD16 MFI in the two study groups. Significance determined by two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test [(b), (d)], or two-tailed Wilcoxon-signed rank test [(e), (f), (g)]; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Data are represented as geometric mean ± SEM [(b), (d)]. See also Supplementary Fig. 3.