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. 2023 Nov 3;14:7034. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42822-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Schematic of TGFβ signaling pathway components assessed. b Representative immunofluorescent staining showing ubiquitin-positive aggregates (arrow) in the retinas of Applˉ flies expressing transgenic RNAi directed to the TGFβ ligand (Activinβ), TGFβ receptor (punt), and transcription factor (Smox) in retinal neurons. c Quantification of the number of ubiquitin-positive aggregates in retinal sections of control and Applˉ flies with TGFβ pathway manipulation by transgenic RNAi in retinal neurons. p-value for ubiquitin-positive aggregates: Applˉ vs punt Ri Applˉ, < 0.0001; Applˉ vs punt Ri #2 Applˉ, <0.0001; Applˉ vs Actβ Ri Applˉ, <0.0001; Applˉ vs Actβ Ri #2 Applˉ, 0.0002; Applˉ vs Smox Ri Applˉ, 0.0002. d Quantitative analysis of the fluorescent intensity of phosphorylated Smox (pSmox), a TGFβ signaling marker, shows reduction in Applˉ flies compared to controls. p-value (Control vs Applˉ) = 7.61E-07. e Real-time PCR quantifying EcR-B1 transcript levels, a target gene of the TGFβ signaling pathway shows decreased transcripts in Applˉ flies compared to controls. p (Control 20d vs Applˉ 20d) = 0.046. Control is nSyb-GAL4/+. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Student-Newman-Keuls posthoc test (c) and two-tailed Student’s t-test (d, e). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. n = 6 per genotype (a), n = 60 cells per genotype (d), n = 3 per genotype (e). Scale bar is 10 μm. Flies are 10 days old in (b–d) and the indicated age in (e). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.