Table 4.
Factors associated with sexual violence according to the results of univariate analysis.b
| Any type of sexual violence in France |
Rape or attempted rape in France |
Rape |
Attempted rape |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N | Yes n (%) | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes n (%) | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes n (%) | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes n (%) | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age | 273 | 266 | 266 | 248 | ||||||||||||
| 18- to 25-year-old | 23 (34.8) | 1 | 14 (21.9) | 1 | 3 (4.7) | 1 | 11 (18.0) | 1 | ||||||||
| 26- to 35-year-old | 42 (32.1) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.6) | 22 (17.2) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.6) | 9 (7.0) | 1.5 | (0.4–5.9) | 13 (10.9) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.3) | ||||
| 36- to 45-year-old | 11 (22.9) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.3) | 8 (16.7) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.9) | 4 (8.3) | 1.8 | (0.4–8.7) | 4 (9.3) | 0.5 | (0.1–1.6) | ||||
| > 46-year-old | 8 (28.6) | 0.7 | (0.3–2.0) | 3 (11.5) | 0.5 | (0.1–1.8) | 1 (3.8) | 0.8 | (0.1–8.2) | 2 (8.0) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.9) | ||||
| Number of dependent children | 271 | 266 | 266 | 284 | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 10 (22.7) | 1 | 6 (14.0) | 1 | 3 (7.0) | 1 | 3 (7.5) | 1 | ||||||||
| 1 | 29 (35.8) | 1.9 | (0.8–4.4) | 15 (18.8) | 1.4 | (0.5–4.0) | 5 (6.3) | 0.9 | (0.2–3.9) | 10 (13.3) | 1.9 | (0.5–7.3) | ||||
| >1 | 45 (30.8) | 1.5 | (0.7–3.3) | 26 (18.2) | 1.4 | (0.5–3.6) | 9 (6.3) | 0.9 | (0.2–3.5) | 17 (12.8) | 1.8 | (0.5–6.5) | ||||
| Geographical origin | 272 | 266 | 266 | 248 | ||||||||||||
| West Africa | 58 (37.9) | 1 | 36 (24.0) | 1 | 11 (7.3) | 1 | 25 | 1 | ||||||||
| Maghreb | 5 (33.3) | 0.8 | (0.3–2.5) | 3 (21.4) | 0.9 | (0.2–3.3) | 2 (14.3) | 2.1 | (0.4–10.6) | 1 | 0.4 | (0.1–3.4) | ||||
| Rest of Africa | 9 (34.6) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.1) | 6 (24.0) | 1 | (0.4–2.7) | 3 (12) | 1.7 | (0.4–6.7) | 3 | 0.8 | (0.2–2.8) | ||||
| South America | 4 (25.0) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.8) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 0 (0) | 0.0 | NR | 0 | NR | NR | ||||
| Middle East | 2 (10.0) | 0.2 | (0.0–0.8) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 0 (0) | 0.0 | NR | 0 | NR | NR | ||||
| Europe | 5 (20.0) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.2) | 2 (8.3) | 0.3 | (0.1–1.3) | 1 (4.2) | 0.5 | (0.1–4.5) | 1 | 0.2 | (0.0–1.6) | ||||
| Asia | 1 (5.9) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.8) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 0 (0) | 0.0 | NR | 0 | NR | NR | ||||
| Couple relationship with partner present in France | 273 | 266 | 266 | 248 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 41 (26.6)) | 1 | 21 (14.0) | 1 | 5 (3.3) | 1 | 16 (11.1) | 1 | ||||||||
| No | 43 (36.1) | 1.6 | (0.9–2.6) | 26 (22.4) | 1.8 | (0.9–3.3) | 12 (10.3) | 3.3 | (1.1–9.8) | 14 (13.5) | 1.2 | (0.6–2.7) | ||||
| Accommodation most of the time during the past year | 265 | 265 | 265 | 248 | ||||||||||||
| National Asylum Support System | 46 (30.1) | 1 | 26 (17.2) | 1 | 9 (6.3) | 1 | 17 (12.0) | 1 | ||||||||
| Lack of a support system | 27 (36.0) | 1.3 | (0.7–2.3) | 16 (22.2) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.8) | 6 (9.1) | 1.4 | (0.5–4.2) | 10 (15.4) | 1.3 | (0.6–3.1) | ||||
| Single dwelling with legal lease | 3 (13.6) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.3) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | 0 (0) | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| Emergency housing support | 7 (35.0) | 1.3 | (0.5–3.3) | 4 (20.0) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.9) | 1 (5.3) | 0.8 | (0.1–6.9) | 3 (15.8) | 1.4 | (0.4–5.2) | ||||
| Level of education | 269 | 264 | 264 | 246 | ||||||||||||
| Never been to school | 21 (35.0) | 1 | 13 (23.2) | 1 | 7 (12.5) | 1 | 6 (12.2) | 1 | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 21 (40.4) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.7) | 13 (25.0) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.7) | 2 (3.8) | 0.3 | (0.1–1.4) | 11 (22.0) | 2.0 | (0.7–6.0) | ||||
| High school | 24 (33.8) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.0) | 16 (22.5) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.2) | 7 (9.8) | 0.8 | (0.3–2.3) | 9 (14.0) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.5) | ||||
| More than high school | 17 (19.8) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.0) | 5 (5.9) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.7) | 1 (1.2) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.7) | 4 (4.8) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.4) | ||||
| Financial resources | 269 | 265 | 265 | 248 | ||||||||||||
| State financial aid | 53 (35.1) | 1 | 29 (19.6) | 1 | 10 (6.7) | 1 | 19 (13.9) | 1 | ||||||||
| None | 8 (38.1) | 1.1 | (0.4–2.9) | 5 (25.0) | 1.4 | (0.5–4.1) | 2 (10) | 1.5 | (0.3–7.6) | 3 (16.7) | 1.2 | (0.3–4.7) | ||||
| Undeclared work | 11 (28.2) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.6) | 7 (17.9) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.2) | 2 (5.1) | 0.8 | (0.2–3.6) | 5 (13.5) | 1.0 | (0.3–2.8) | ||||
| Family, friend or associate support | 6 (17.1) | 0.4 | (0.2–1.5) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | 0 (0) | NR | NR | 0 (0) | NR | NR | ||||
| Work with legal contract | 5 (21.7) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.5) | 5 (21.7) | 1.1 | (0.4–3.3) | 2 (8.7) | 1.3 | (0.3–6.4) | 3 (14.3) | 1.0 | (0.3–3.9) | ||||
| Sexual assault |
Sexual exhibition |
Prostitution |
Blackmail |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N | Yes N (%) | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age | 264 | 264 | 266 | 263 | ||||||||||||
| 18- to 25-year-old | 14 (22.2) | 1 | 5 (7.8) | 1 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 20 (31.7) | 1 | ||||||||
| 26- to 35-year-old | 35 (27.1) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.6) | 12 (9.4) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.6) | 5 (3.9) | 5.8a | (0.3–109.4) | 45 (35.2) | 1.2 | (0.6–2.2) | ||||
| 36- to 45-year-old | 4 (8.7) | 0.3 | (0.1–11) | 2 (4.3) | 0.5 | (0.1–2.9) | 4 (8.5) | 13.6a | (0.7–264.2) | 14 (30.4) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.1) | ||||
| > 46-year-old | 4 (15.4) | 0.6 | (0.2–2.2) | 3 (11.5) | 1.5 | (0.3–7.0) | 1 (3.8) | 7.7a | (0.3–202.2) | 7 (26.9) | 0.5 | (0.3–2.2) | ||||
| Number of dependent children | 264 | 264 | 266 | 263 | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 8 (18.6) | 1 | 3 (7.0) | 1 | 0 (0) | 1 | 15 (35.7) | 1 | ||||||||
| 1 | 22 (28.2) | 1.7 | (0.7–4.3) | 9 (11.5) | 1.7 | (0.4–6.8) | 1 (1.3) | 1.72a | (0.1–44.6) | 24 (31.2) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.8) | ||||
| >1 | 27 (18.9) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.4 | 10 (7.0) | 1.0 | (0.3–3.8) | 9 (6.3) | 6.24a | (0.3–112.9) | 47 (32.6) | 0.9 | (0.4–1.8) | ||||
| Geographical origin | 264 | 264 | 266 | 263 | ||||||||||||
| West Africa | 39 (26.0) | 1 | 14 (9.4) | 1 | 7 (4.7) | 1 | 59 (39.9) | 1 | ||||||||
| Maghreb | 5 (35.7) | 1.6 | (0.5–5.0) | 1 (7.1) | 0.7 | (0.1–6.1) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 4 (30.8) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.3) | ||||
| Rest of Africa | 3 (12.5) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.4) | 3 (12.5) | 1.4 | (0.4–5.2) | 2 (7.7) | 1.7 | (0.3–8.6) | 9 (36.0) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.0) | ||||
| South America | 4 (25.0) | 0.9 | (0.3–3.1) | 1 (6.3) | 0.6 | (0.1–5.2) | 1 (6.3) | 1.4 | (0.2–11.7) | 6 (37.5) | 0.9 | (0.3–2.6) | ||||
| Middle East | 1 (5.0) | 0.1 | (0.0–1.1) | 1 (5.0) | 0.5 | (0.1–4.1) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 2 (10.0) | 0.2 | (0.0–0.7) | ||||
| Europe | 4 (16.7) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.8) | 2 (8.3) | 0.9 | (0.2–4.1) | 0 (0.0 | NR | NR | 5 (20.8) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.1) | ||||
| Asia | 1 (5.9) | 0.2 | (0.0–1.4) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 1 (5.9) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.7) | ||||
| Couple relationship with partner present in France | 264 | 264 | 266 | 263 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 28 (18.8) | 1 | 13 (8.7) | 1 | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 43 (28.5) | 1 | ||||||||
| No | 29 (25.2) | 1.4 | (0.8–2.6) | 9 (7.9) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.2) | 9 (7.9) | 12.9 | (1.6–103.7) | 43 (38.4) | 1.6 | (0.9–2.6) | ||||
| Accommodation most of the time during the past year | 263 | 263 | 266 | 266 | ||||||||||||
| National Asylum Support System | 27 (17.9) | 1 | 10 (6.6) | 1 | 6 (3.9) | 1 | 54 (35.8) | 1 | ||||||||
| Lack of a support system | 23 (31.9) | 2.2 | (1.1–4.1) | 10 (13.9) | 2.3 | (0.9–5.7) | 3 (4.2) | 1.1 | (0.3–4.4) | 26 (36.6) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.9) | ||||
| Single dwelling with legal lease | 3 (13.6) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.6) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | 0 (0) | NR | NR | 2 (9.1) | 0.2 | (0.0–0.8) | ||||
| Emergency housing support | 4 (22.2) | 1.3 | (0.4–4.3) | 2 (11.1) | 1.8 | (0.4–8.8) | 1 (5.0) | 1.3 | (0.1–11.2) | 4 (21.1) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.5) | ||||
| Level of education | 262 | 262 | 264 | 261 | ||||||||||||
| Never been to school | 13 (22.8) | 1 | 6 (10.5) | 1 | 2 (3.5) | 1 | 22 (38.6) | 1 | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 14 (28.0) | 1.3 | (0.5–3.2) | 7 (14.3) | 1.4 | (0.4–4.6) | 4 (7.7) | 2.3 | (0.4–13.1) | 16 (30.8) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.6) | ||||
| High school | 13 (18.6) | 0.8 | (0.3–1.8) | 5 (7.1) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.3) | 3 (4.3) | 1.2 | (0.2–7.6) | 24 (35.3) | 0.9 | (0.4–1.8) | ||||
| More than high school | 17 (20.0) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.9) | 3 (3.5) | 0.3 | (0.1–1.3) | 1 (1.2) | 0.4 | (0.0–3.7) | 23 (27.4) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.2) | ||||
| Financial resources | 263 | 263 | 266 | 263 | ||||||||||||
| State financial aid | 35 (23.6) | 1 | 16 (10.8) | 1 | 5 (3.4) | 1 | 50 (34.0) | 1 | ||||||||
| None | 5 (26.3) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.4) | 1 (5.3) | 0.5 | (0.1–3.7) | 2 (9.5) | 3.0 | (0.5–16.7) | 9 (45.0) | 1.6 | (0.6–4.1) | ||||
| Undeclared work | 9 (23.7) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0.2 | (0.0–1.7) | 3 (7.7) | 2.4 | (0.5–10.5) | 14 (35.9) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.3) | ||||
| Family, friend or associate support | 6 (17.1) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.7) | 2 (5.7) | 0.5 | (0.1–2.3) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 6 (17.6) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.1) | ||||
| Work with legal contract | 2 (8.7) | 0.3 | (0.1–1.4) | 2 (8.7) | 0.8 | (0.2–3.7) | 0 (0.0) | NR | NR | 7 (30.4) | 0.8 | (0.3–2.2) | ||||
| Sexual violence prior to arrival in France |
Rape prior to arrival in Franc |
Female genital mutilation prior to arrival in France |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N | Yes N (%) | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes | OR | 95% CI | Total N | Yes | OR | 95% CI | |
| Geographical origin | 267 | 203 | 199 | |||||||||
| West Africa | 132 (88.0) | 1 | 101 (84.2) | 1 | 77 (66.4) | 1 | ||||||
| Maghreb | 9 (64.3) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.8) | 4 (44.4) | 0.2 | (0.0–0.6) | 1 (11.1) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.5) | |||
| Rest of Africa | 20 (76.9) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.3) | 13 (76.5) | 0.6 | (0.2–2.1) | 2 (11.8) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.3) | |||
| South America | 9 (60.0) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.6) | 6 (46.2) | 0.2 | (0.0–0.5) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | |||
| Middle East | 12 (60.0) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.6) | 4 (30.8) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.3) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | |||
| Europe | 14 (56.0) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.4) | 6 (33.3) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.3) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | |||
| Asia | 6 (35.3) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.2) | 5 (38.5) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.4) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | |||
| Level of education | 264 | 201 | 197 | |||||||||
| Never been to school | 53 (91.4) | 1 | 42 (85.7) | 1 | 31 (67.4) | 1 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 41 (80.4) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.2) | 27 (79.4) | 0.6 | (0.2–2.0) | 19 (57.6) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.7) | |||
| High school | 56 (78.9) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.0) | 43 (76.8) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.5) | 24 (42.9) | 0.4 | (0.2–0.8) | |||
| More than high school | 50 (59.5) | 0.1 | (0.1–0.4) | 26 (41.9) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.3) | 6 (9.7) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.1) | |||
Data are effective (n). Significance variables are indicated in bold (p < 0.05).
a
Due to limited effectives for these data, OR and CI has been calculated using a penalized likelihood method.
b
N: number of data available after excluding missing data. NR: Not reached.