Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population: Westlake precision birth cohort study.a
| Total | Any adverse pregnancy outcome |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| No. of participants | 1302 (100%) | 790 (60.7%) | 512 (39.3%) |
| Age, years | 31.2 (3.7) | 31.3 (3.7) | 31.0 (3.6) |
| Gestational age at baseline, weeks | 22.1 (3.5) | 21.9 (3.6) | 22.3 (3.5) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 (1.9) | 26.0 (1.9) | 26.0 (1.8) |
| Primiparity | 866/1302 (66.5%) | 510/790 (64.6%) | 356/512 (69.5%) |
| Education | |||
| ≤High school or vocational school | 140/1302 (10.8%) | 81/790 (10.3%) | 59/512 (11.5%) |
| University or professional school | 968/1302 (74.3%) | 589/790 (74.6%) | 379/512 (74.0%) |
| >University | 194/1302 (14.9%) | 120/790 (15.2%) | 74/512 (14.5%) |
| Household income, ¥/year | |||
| <100,000 | 281/1302 (21.6%) | 186/790 (23.5%) | 95/512 (18.6%) |
| 100,000–200,000 | 465/1302 (35.7%) | 274/790 (34.7%) | 191/512 (37.3%) |
| >200,000 | 471/1302 (36.2%) | 279/790 (35.3%) | 192/512 (37.5%) |
| Unclear | 85/1302 (6.5%) | 51/790 (6.5%) | 34/512 (6.6%) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never smokers | 1249/1302 (96.1%) | 765/790 (97.0%) | 484/512 (94.7%) |
| Ex-smokers | 51/1302 (3.9%) | 24/790 (3.0%) | 27/512 (5.3%) |
| Current drinking | 35/1302 (2.7%) | 19/790 (2.4%) | 16/512 (3.1%) |
| Physical activity, MET-h/day | 19.5 (8.0) | 19.8 (7.9) | 19.1 (8.2) |
| OGTT glucose, mmol/L | |||
| Fasting | 4.8 (0.5) | 4.8 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.5) |
| 1-h | 9.9 (1.6) | 9.8 (1.6) | 9.9 (1.6) |
| 2-h | 8.4 (1.5) | 8.4 (1.4) | 8.5 (1.6) |
| HbA1c, % | 5.0 (0.3) | 5.0 (0.3) | 5.0 (0.3) |
| CGM-derived metrics | |||
| TIR, % | 92.8 (85.4, 96.7) | 92.8 (85.2, 96.7) | 92.8 (85.7, 96.7) |
| TAR, % | 1.1 (0.3, 2.6) | 1.0 (0.3, 2.5) | 1.2 (0.3, 3.0) |
| TBR, % | 4.0 (0.9, 12.3) | 4.5 (1.0, 12.8) | 3.4 (0.8, 11.3) |
| AUC, mmol/L·h | 112.8 (105.0, 120.6) | 111.9 (104.6, 119.6) | 114.2 (106.2, 122.7) |
| Nighttime MBG, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.7, 4.4) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.4) | 4.1 (3.8, 4.5) |
| Daytime MBG, mmol/L | 4.9 (4.6, 5.3) | 4.9 (4.6, 5.2) | 5.0 (4.6, 5.4) |
| Daily MBG, mmol/L | 4.7 (4.4, 5.1) | 4.7 (4.4, 5.0) | 4.8 (4.5, 5.2) |
| MAGE, mmol/L | 2.3 (1.9, 2.7) | 2.3 (1.9, 2.6) | 2.3 (1.9, 2.7) |
| CV, % | 20.1 (17.4, 23.0) | 20.2 (17.5, 22.8) | 20.0 (17.4, 23.3) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; TIR, time in range; TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; AUC, glucose area under the curve; MBG, mean blood glucose; MAGE, mean amplitude of glucose excursions; CV, coefficient of variation; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
Data are mean (SD) for normally distributed continuous variables, medium (IQR) for skew distributed continuous variables, and n/total (%) for categorical variables. Any adverse pregnancy outcome was defined as the prevalence of at least one of the following conditions: preterm birth, large-for-gestational-age birth, fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes, and NICU admission.