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Treatment of primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) with l‐lactic acid altered bioenergetic (ATP) levels and functional metabolism. a) Treatment with different doses of monomeric Llactic acid resulted in changes in ATP levels. b–d) Following exposure to l‐lactic acid extracellular acidification rate (ECAR, b), proton efflux rate (PER, c) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR, d) are increased. One‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post‐hoc test, mean (SD), n = 3–4 (a), n = 5 (b–d).
