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. 2023 Sep 22;10(31):2304632. doi: 10.1002/advs.202304632

Figure 6.

Figure 6

In macrophages exposed to PLA breakdown products, glycolytic inhibitors modulate elevated proinflammatory cytokine expression and stimulate or do not reduce anti‐inflammatory cytokine levels. a–d) Following exposure to amorphous PLA (aPLA) or crystalline PLA (cPLA) extract, primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) express elevated levels of IL‐6 (a), MCP‐1 (b), TNF‐α (c), and IL‐1β (d) in comparison to untreated BMDMs, and these elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels can be modulated by various small molecule inhibitors of glycolysis. e) Addition of glycolytic inhibitors to PLA does not reduce IL‐4 expression. f) Expression of IL‐10 is increased by inhibiting glycolysis using aminooxyacetic acid (a.a.) in amorphous PLA. Not significant (ns), *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, mean (SD), n = 3 in all except the cPLA group in TNF‐α (Figure 6c) where n = 2–3, one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post‐hoc test; 3‐(3‐pyridinyl)−1‐(4‐pyridinyl)−2‐propen‐1‐one (3PO), 2‐deoxyglucose (2DG); 100 µl of aPLA or 150 µl of cPLA extract with corresponding controls were used on day 7.