Table 2.
Welch t test results examining the quantified linguistic differences through Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analysis in the depressive discourse of Eastern and Western chatbot users.
| LIWC category | t test (df) | P value | Eastern users, mean (SD) | Western users, mean (SD) | |||||
| Affective processes: words of emotional expression | |||||||||
|
|
Emo_posa | 8.36 (38,680) | <.001 | 0.81 (3.96) | 0.52 (3.04) | ||||
|
|
Emo_negb | 2.55 (41,417) | .01 | 29.68 (20.76) | 29.17 (20.4) | ||||
|
|
Emo_anxc | −0.89 (41,161) | .38 | 0.08 (1.22) | 0.09 (1.34) | ||||
|
|
Emo_angerd | 1.68 (41,336) | .09 | 0.75 (4.44) | 0.68 (4.26) | ||||
|
|
Emo_sade | 2.48 (41,402) | .01 | 28.61 (21.32) | 28.1 (20.83) | ||||
|
|
Swear | −8.17 (35,782) | <.001 | 0.19 (2.15) | 0.41 (3.31) | ||||
| Biological processes: body-oriented words or terms linked to biological processes | |||||||||
|
|
Physical | −17.16 (38,642) | <.001 | 2.41 (9.15) | 4.22 (12.19) | ||||
|
|
Health | −14.52 (38,743) | <.001 | 2.03 (8.78) | 3.5 (11.64) | ||||
|
|
Mental | −14.48 (38,665) | <.001 | 1.94 (8.68) | 3.39 (11.56) | ||||
|
|
Sexual | −5.83 (34,934) | <.001 | 0.05 (0.94) | 0.12 (1.51) | ||||
|
|
Death | −4.52 (39,108) | <.001 | 0.08 (1.13) | 0.14 (1.47) | ||||
| Social and personal concerns: words related to social functions | |||||||||
|
|
Family | −1.2 (41,369) | .23 | 0.23 (2.17) | 0.26 (2.29) | ||||
|
|
Friend | −2.2 (41,275) | .03 | 0.18 (1.61) | 0.22 (1.75) | ||||
|
|
Home | −4 (36,882) | <.001 | 0.03 (0.64) | 0.06 (0.93) | ||||
|
|
Work | −2.19 (39,489) | .03 | 0.09 (1.07) | 0.11 (1.35) | ||||
| Time orientation: words related to past, present, or future focus | |||||||||
|
|
Past focus | −8.55 (40,306) | <.001 | 0.86 (4.01) | 1.24 (4.81) | ||||
|
|
Present focus | 36.25 (41,120) | <.001 | 19.45 (18.67) | 13.05 (17.25) | ||||
|
|
Future focus | −0.51 (41,424) | .61 | 0.39 (2.53) | 0.4 (2.5) | ||||
| Perceptual processes: words of sensory and perceptual dimensions | |||||||||
|
|
Visual | −6.21 (36,391) | <.001 | 0.13 (1.53) | 0.25 (2.29) | ||||
|
|
Auditory | 1.42 (41,360) | .16 | 0.19 (2.08) | 0.16 (2.01) | ||||
|
|
Feel | 6.21 (40,875) | <.001 | 1.86 (6.48) | 1.48 (5.82) | ||||
| Interpersonal awareness and focus: words related to singular and plural pronouns | |||||||||
|
|
First person | 3.11 (41,085) | .002 | 20.61 (18.49) | 20.06 (17) | ||||
|
|
Second person | −5.6 (41,233) | <.001 | 3.43 (8.15) | 3.9 (8.86) | ||||
|
|
Third person | 0.13 (41,441) | .90 | 0.26 (1.97) | 0.26 (1.96) | ||||
aEmo_pos: positive emotion.
bEmo_neg: negative emotion.
cEmo_anx: anxiety emotion.
dEmo_anger: anger emotion.
eEmo_sad: sad emotion.