TABLE 2.

Report on probiotics treating diseases in animal models (2018‐2023).

Target disease	Model	Probiotic	Treatment effect	Mechanism	Refs
IBS	Male Sprague–Dawley rats, water chronic exposure	Bifidobacterium longum	Improved defecation habits, visceral ↓hypersensitivity, ↑mucosal repair	↑Lysozyme production, ↑stem niche factors WNT3A and TGF‐β	114
IBD	Female C57BL/6N mice, DSS induced	Limosilactobacillus fermentum KBL374	↑Colon length, ↓inflammatory cytokines, ↑body weight, ↓leukocyte infiltration	Regulating immune responses, altering gut microbiota, ↑gut barrier function	113
CRC	Male C57BL/6 ‐APCMin/+, DSS induced	L. plantarum YYC‐3	↓Occurrence of colon tumors and mucosal damage, ↓inflammatory cytokines, ↓VEGF‐MMP2/9 signaling pathway	Immunomodulation, altered gut microbiota, secreted metabolites	138 , 139
Melanoma	C57BL/6 WT mice, breast cancer cells induced	Lactobacillus reuteri	↑ICI efficacy, promoting ICI response and patients survival	Secretes indole‐3‐aldehyde to stimulate CD8+ T cells	140
Infection	Female C57BL/6J mice, S. aureus and antibiotics induced	Bacillus subtilis ZK3814	Eliminates S. aureus, suppressed production of Agr‐regulated virulence factors	ZK3814 secretes fengycins inhibit quorum sensing	120
Autism spectrum disorders	Shank3 KO mice	L. reuteri	Modifies social and repetitive behaviors, ↓GABA receptor expression, ↑hypothalamic expression of oxytocin	Brain–gut axis	141
Depression	Male ICR mice, loperamide induced	Compound probiotics	Ameliorate depressive behaviors, ↓neuronal cell injury, ↓Bax and cleaved caspase‐3, ↑p‐AKT and Bcl‐2 levels	Activating the AKT signaling pathway	142
Alcoholic liver disease	Male C57BL/6 mice, alcohol induced	Bifidobacterium breve ATCC15700	↓Endotoxemia, maintained immune homeostasis, alleviated liver injury, ↑tight junction proteins	Promoted intestinal barrier function, regulate gut microbiota	143
Hyperuricemia	Male Kunming mice, oteracil potassium and UA‐induced	Limosilactobacillus fermentum JL‐3	↓Serum UA level (31.3%), ↓oxidative stress indicators	Degrade uric acid, regulate gut microbiota	126
Chromate poisoning	Female Kuming mice, Cr (VI) induced	Pediococcus acidilactici strain BT36	↓Chromate accumulation, ↓oxidative stress	Promotes chromium excretion, regulate gut microbiota	131
Kidney stones	Male Rattus novergicus, calcium oxalate induced	L. casei 01	Attenuates the development of renal calculi	Degrade and utilize oxalate	144
Toxins	Male ICR mice, aflatoxin B1 gavage	L. plantarum T3	↑Aflatoxin B1 excretion, ameliorate oxidative stress and immune imbalance	Removal aflatoxin B1 by cell adsorption, restore gut homeostasis	145
Diabetic	Male Kunming mice, glucose induced	Compound probiotics	↓Blood glucose, ↓SGLT‐1 and GLUT‐2 expression, ↓intestinal permeability	Probiotics competitively consume glucose	146

Abbreviations: AKT, protein kinase B;CRC, colorectal cancer; GLUT‐2, glucose transporter 2.; SGLT‐1, recombinant sodium/glucose cotransporter 1.