Table 1:
Host and Environmental Risk factors for NTM infection and disease
| Risk Factor | Relative risk, Odds ratio, Relative Prevalence, or other measure | Case Definition |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Environmental: specific individual exposures | ||
|
| ||
| NTM isolation from shower aerosols, Oregon, USA | 4.0 [OR]27 | MAC-PD, case-control study |
|
| ||
| Use of spray bottle to spray house plants, Oregon, USA | 2.7 [OR]29 | MAC-PD, case-control study |
|
| ||
| Use of Public Baths ≥ 1/week, S Korea | 4.0 [OR]30 | MAC-PD, case-control study |
|
| ||
| Indoor swimming pool use (in the past four months), USA | 5.9 [OR]31 | Incident pulmonary isolation persons with CF (pwCF) |
|
| ||
| Soil exposure, Japan (bronchiectasis with MAC vs bronchiectasis with no MAC) | 5.9 [OR]33 | MAC-PD, case-control study |
|
| ||
| Environment- general exposures, measured at population level: climate, soil, and water- related | ||
|
| ||
| Relative abundance of NTM in showerhead biofilm and population prevalence | Significant correlation, p<0.000135 | NTM-PD and NTM pulmonary isolation (Medicare with ICD codes; CF ≥ 1 pulmonary isolate) |
|
| ||
| Higher average annual precipitation, FL, USA | 1.34130 | Incident pulmonary isolation (≥ 1 isolate) among persons with CF |
|
| ||
| Increased soil sodium, FL, USA | 1.92130 | Incident pulmonary isolation (≥ 1 isolate) among persons with CF |
|
| ||
| Increased soil manganese | 0.59130 | Incident pulmonary isolation (≥ 1 isolate) among persons with CF |
|
| ||
| Increased molybdenum concentrations in source water | 1.4112 | M. abscessus incident pulmonary isolation (≥2 isolates), non-CF |
| 1.7911 | M. abscessus pulmonary isolation in persons with CF (≥1 isolate) | |
|
| ||
| Increased vanadium concentrations in source water | 1.4912 | Incident MAC isolation (≥2 isolates), non-CF |
| 1.2236 | Incident MAC pulmonary isolation, non-CF (≥2 isolates) | |
|
| ||
| Percent hydric soil in census blocks, NC, USA | 26.838 | NTM pulmonary isolation (≥ 1 isolate), non-CF |
|
| ||
| Proportion of area as surface water | 4.639 | NTM-PD (ICD codes) |
|
| ||
| Mean daily potential evapotranspiration | 4.039 | NTM-PD (ICD codes) |
|
| ||
| Copper soil levels, per 1 ppm increase | 1.239 | NTM-PD (ICD codes) |
|
| ||
| Sodium soil levels, per 0.1 ppm increase | 1.939 | NTM-PD (ICD codes) |
|
| ||
| Manganese soil levels, per 100 ppm increase | 0.739 | NTM-PD (ICD codes) |
|
| ||
| Increased average topsoil depth | 0.87 (M. intracellulare)42 | NTM isolation (≥ 1 isolate), non-CF |
|
| ||
| Soil bulk density | 1.8 (M. kansasii)42 | NTM isolation (≥ 1 isolate), non-CF |
*
Estimated from data in paper
#
Hazard ratio, fully adjusted for age, sex, income, rurality, and comorbidities for NTM (HIV, COPD, asthma, and GERD)
+
Comparison of patients with NTM/TB with uninfected anti-TNF users
**
risk decreased with increasing duration since use; see full paper for specific estimates