Table 1. Criteria for study selection.

This review encompassed studies published in English with clinical evidence of level II or higher that satisfied the inclusion criteria outlined in this table. Specifically, it focused on studies investigating the effects of caffeine consumption on fetal development and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Randomized controlled trial	Pilot clinical studies
Non-randomized controlled trial	Case series
Single-blinded studies	Case reports
Double-blinded studies	Reviews
Case-controlled studies	Metanalyses
Crossover studies	Pre-clinical studies
Population-based studies	Systematic reviews
Observational studies	Commentaries