Table 1.

Intestinal microecological dysbiosis during HIV infection.

Groups	Alterations	Reference
Bacteriome	Prevotella increased; Bacteroides, Akkermansia, Anaerovibrio, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium decreased in patients with HIV	[7, 28, 29]
	Haemophilus and Veillonella were enriched in patients recently infected with HIV-1 in their first 6 months	[28]
	Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus levels decreased in immunological ART responders compared with ART non-responders	[7]
	Desulfovibrionaceae and enterobacteriaceae were upregulated in HIV-infected individuals, lachnospiraceae and ruminococcaceae were downregulated	[3, 30–32]
	Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, and Roseburia levels decreased, whereas Escherichia was upregulated in HIV-infected patients	[33]
Mycobiome	Debaryomyceshansenii, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis were the most abundant taxa in patients with HIV	[34, 35]
	Candida spp. are more prevalent in HIV-infected individuals with diarrhea and recent antibiotic treatment	[36]
	Aspergillus was the most abundant genus (49.92%) in the HIV-infected group	[37]
Virome	HIV infection increase the abundance of adenoviruses	[3]
	Adenoviridae and Anelloviridae are significantly enriched in HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ T cell less than 200 cells/mL	[38]
Metabolome	HIV infection decreases intestinal SCFA levels	[39]
	WG and VQ dipeptide levels were significantly higher in the HIV elite controllers	[40]
	Bile acids and bioactive lipids increased; vitamin D, terpenoids, and resolvin D1 decreased in the feces of HIV-infected patients with cognitive impairment	[41]