Table 4. Summary of the results of the selected papers.

MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; CVD: cardiovascular disease; PD: periodontal disease; DPSI: Dutch periodontal screening index; OR: odds ratio; RR: risk ratio; CAL: clinical attachment loss; BMI: body mass index; BOP: bleeding upon probing; PI: Plaque index; CI: confidence interval; CEJ: cementoenamel junction; NA: not available; CVA: cerebrovascular accident.

Author/year	Country	Study design	PD diagnosis	Outcome	Risk factors	Conclusion
Larvin et al. (2021)	UK	Meta-analysis	Clinical and self-reported	Stroke, MI, PAD, CHD, AF, hypertension, and any CVD	Smoking (not adjusted)	Increased risk of CVD in patients with PD, with risk more pronounced in males and patients having severe PD.
Belinga et al. (2018)	Cameroon	Prospective observational study	DPSI scoring	Hypertension, heart failure, and stroke	Age, gender, diabetes mellitus, and smoking (not adjusted)	A significant association between gingivitis (OR = 4.30) and periodontitis (OR = 2.87) with CVD. This study suggested periodontal treatment needs in 431 patients (77.2%).
Yang et al. (2018)	China	Meta-analysis	Clinical diagnosis or self-reported through a questionnaire.	PAD	Age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and education (adjusted)	This study found a significant risk of PD in PAD patients than non-PAD patients (RR = 1.70). Patients with PAD had more missing teeth than controls, and there is no statistical difference in CAL in cases and controls.
Xu et al. (2017)	China	Meta-analysis	Self-reported diagnosis or clinical/radiological/microbiological assessment.	MI	Age, gender, smoking, exercise, alcohol, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol, education, and family history of MI (adjusted)	This study showed a statistically significant association between PD and MI (OR = 2.02).
Reichert et al. (2016)	Germany	Longitudinal cohort study	Clinical dental assessment (BOP, PI, PD, and CAL).	Any CVD	Age, diabetes, and history of CVDs (adjusted)	The association between severe periodontitis and CVD could not be proven in univariant and multivariant analyses. There was no statistical significance after adjusting risk factors.
Humphrey et al. (2008)	USA	Meta-analysis	Periodontal indexes were calculated from periodontitis, gingivitis, missing teeth, and bone loss.	Any CVD	Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, BMI, education, family history of CVD, vitamin E, and alcohol	This study evaluated the statistical significance of the association between tooth loss (RR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.10-1.63), gingivitis (RR = 1.35, 95% CI 0.79–2.30), and CVD.
Samani et al. (2013)	Iran	Case-control study	Periodontal index score (assessing gingival inflammation and depth of gingival sulcus associated with CEJ).	MI	NA	This study showed that people with a loss of more than 10 teeth are at high risk of developing MI (OR = 2.727).
Fagundes et al. (2019)	Brazil	Meta-analysis	CAL, probing depth, self-reported diagnosis.	Stroke	NA	This study performed subgroup analysis showing increased risk of CVA in patients with periodontitis in case-control (OR = 2.31, (1.39, 3.84)) and cohort studies (OR = 1.88, (1.55, 2.28)).
Muñoz Aguilera et al. (2020)	UK	Meta-analysis	Confident and non-confident definition of periodontitis	Hypertension	NA	Increased severity of PD is positively correlated with hypertension.
Zhan et al. (2023)	China	Cross-sectional study	Periodontal parameters (BOP)	Hypertension	Sex, age, smoking, income, education	41% of cases with hypertension and 28% of normotensive cases had severe periodontitis (stages III and IV).