Fig. 4.

Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for incident cardiovascular disease associated with the modifiable risk factors. (A) PAFs of each risk factor on cardiovascular disease in overall population; (B) PAFs of each risk factor on cardiovascular disease among age groups; (C) PAFs of risk factor clusters on cardiovascular disease among age groups. Models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, region, family history, and mutually adjusted for individual risk factors. Estimated PAFs for modifiable risk factors were truncated at a lower limit of 0, as this is the lowest threshold to show a relationship with increased risk. Abbreviations: Abdo obesity, abdominal obesity; non-HDL cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SEP, socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors.