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. 2023 Oct 23;11:1278124. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1278124

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Copyright © 2023 Wang, Xu, Liu, Cai and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biogenesis of common EVs. The early endosome matures and starts forming intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) (future exosomes), thereby transforming into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). MVBs can fuse with either autophagosomes or lysosomes to be degraded. MVBs are also transported to the plasma membrane to release exosomes via exocytosis. Amphisomes are formed by the fusion of autophagosomes with MVBs. Exosomes are released by the exocytosis of MVBs and amphisomes. Microvesicles are produced through plasma membrane budding and blebbing. Apoptopodia release apoptotic vesicles during apoptosis.