TABLE 3.

Summary of EV targeting strategies used in regenerative medicine.

Targeting moieties	Target	Method of conjunction	Cargo	Loading method	Administration	EV/exosome origin	Application areas	Ref
RGD	αvβ3 overexpressing cells (HUVEC)	DSPE-PEG-RGD	Ac4ManNAz	Reversible permeabilization, click chemistry	In vitro/in vivo (zebrafish)	K562	Vascular regeneration	Wang et al. (2017)
CPP/CP05	Exosome/Dystrophin	CD63	PMO	Conjugated to CP05 via an amide linker	In vivo (Mouse mdx model)	Human serum	Muscle regeneration	Fletcher et al. (2007), Gao et al. (2018)
CAP	Chondrocytes	lamp2b	miR-140	Electroporation	In vitro/in vivo (rat osteoarthritis model)	Dendritic cells	Cartilage regeneration	Liang et al. (2020)
NP41/CP05	Exosome/Nerve tissue	CD63	None	None	In vitro	Human serum	Neurogenesis	Whitney et al. (2011), Gao et al. (2018)
CP05	Exosome/bone tissue	CD63	VEGF	Electroporation	In vitro/in vivo (radial defect rat model)	ATDC5	Bone & Vascular Regeneration	Gao et al. (2018), Zha et al. (2021)
RGE	Neuropilin-1	Click chemistry	Cur/SPION	Electroporation	In vitro/In vivo (orthotopic glioma mouse model)	Mouse macrophage cell	Tumor	Jia et al. (2018)
RVG	Neuronal cells	Lamp2b	BACE1 siRNA	Electroporation	In vivo	Dendritic cells	Neurogenesis	Alvarez-Erviti et al. (2011)
RVG	Cortical neural progenitors	Lamp2b	miRNA-124	Electroporation	In vivo	Dendritic cells	Neurogenesis	Alvarez-Erviti et al. (2011)

Abbreviations: Arg-Gly-Asp; RVG, rabies virus glycoprotein; Ac4ManNAz, tetra acetylated N-azidoacetyl-d-mannosamine; CP05, exosomal capture peptides; PMO, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer; CPP, cell-penetrating peptide; CAP, chondrocyte-affinity peptide; NP41, NTQTLAKAPEHT; RGE, RGERPPR; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Cur, curcumin; SPION, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.