1. |
TMZ (Temozolomide) |
FDA approval in 2005 |
Nonspecific alkylating agent that causes mismatch repair in DNA by methylation at the O6 position of guanine |
All high grades of glioma |
Oral |
14.616.1 months |
53.90% [1] |
2. |
Lomustine (CCNU) |
FDA approval in 1976 |
Nonspecific alkylating agent that causes crosslinking of DNA and RNA in dividing cells triggering cell death |
Recurrent HGG (High Grade Glioma) |
Oral |
11.5 months |
No supporting data yet [42] |
3. |
Carmustine (BCNU) |
FDA approval in 1977 |
Nonspecific alkylating agent that causes crosslinking of DNA and RNA in dividing cells; also binds to and modifies glutathione reductase |
Recurrent HGG |
IV |
11.75 months |
No supporting data yet [42] |
4. |
Carmustine wafer implants (BCNU wafers) |
FDA approval in 2003 |
Nonspecific alkylating agent that causes crosslinking of DNA and RNA in dividing cells; also binds to and modifies glutathione reductase |
Recurrent HGG |
Implanted |
13.9 months |
No supporting data yet [42] |
5. |
Bevacizumab (BVZ) |
FDA approval in 2009 |
Targeted therapeutic antibody that binds and inhibits VEGF protein in tumor cells |
Recurrent HGG |
IV |
9.3 months |
36% [1] |
6. |
TTF (Tumor treating Fields) |
FDA approval in 2015 |
Low-intensity (1–3 V/cm), intermediate frequency (200 kHz) alternating electric fields that disrupt mitosis in tumor cells |
Recurrent and new HGG |
On scalp |
20.520.9 months |
56% [43] |