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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 7.
Published in final edited form as: J Hum Evol. 2023 Apr 20;179:103367. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103367

Table 1.

Loading regime: forces and force components (N) acting on the model during simulation of the power stroke on three food types.

Muscle forces Total Grapes Total Dry fruits Total Nuts



x y z x y z x y z
Anterior temporalis
Left 35.2 33.63 −9.90 3.50 18.3 17.46 −5.14 1.82 32.9 31.45 −9.26 3.27
Right 23.2 22.61 −5.32 0.71 18.2 17.72 −4.17 0.55 45.5 44.23 −10.41 1.38
Posterior temporalis
Left 22.8 14.81 −16.83 4.16 10.3 6.72 −7.64 1.89 16.2 10.53 −11.97 2.96
Right 12.3 8.08 −9.29 −0.76 13.9 9.14 −10.51 −0.86 37.8 24.76 −28.47 −2.34
Superficial masseter
Left 17.5 13.93 8.58 6.29 28.2 22.45 13.82 10.13 63.4 50.41 31.03 22.76
Right 48.3 41.14 14.47 −20.91 17.4 14.79 5.20 −7.53 32.4 27.62 9.70 −14.06
Deep masseter
Left 7.1 5.09 −0.96 4.87 3.4 2.46 −0.47 2.35 4.9 3.54 −0.67 3.38
Right 8.5 6.49 −0.41 −5.62 10.3 7.78 −0.52 −6.77 25.2 19.04 −1.28 −16.57
Medial pterygoid
Left 9.3 8.44 1.79 −3.49 24.4 22.17 4.69 −9.17 43.7 39.65 8.38 −16.41
Right 26.5 23.55 4.42 11.32 6.4 5.72 1.07 2.75 15.9 14.13 2.65 6.79

Reaction forces

Left condyle −26.77 10.24 −2.10 −31.14 3.34 −3.33 −56.61 1.45 −7.08
Right condyle −75.95 −1.20 0.00 −42.35 3.95 0.00 −99.67 18.31 0.00
Left M1 −53.59 −2.98 22.38 −43.52 −6.32 14.90 −84.62 −13.92 30.85
Left P4 −9.67 2.77 1.06 −6.12 0.07 2.34 −12.81 −0.42 5.12
Left P3 −11.68 4.65 −21.46 −3.22 2.62 −9.12 −11.49 4.86 −20.17