Table 3.
The mean values of TAC in various biological fluid samples between healthy controls and patients with periodontitis in the included studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author name and Year | Country | Study design | Criteria | Age years case/control mean ± SD or range | Sample type | Unit | Periodontitis | Control | p-Value | Method of assessment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or median (upper–lower value) | Sample size (M/F) | Mean ± SD or median (upper–lower value) | Sample size (M/F) | |||||||||
| Chapple et al. [5] | UK | CS | Gustafsson et al. [49] | 46.1/46.9 | Plasma | µmol TEq/l | 501.8 ± 123 | 10 (5/5) | 577.9 ± 99.8 | 10 (5/5) | >0.05 | Chapple et al. [54] |
| Brock et al. [6] | UK | CC | PPD ≥ 5 mm at least two sites per quadrant, BOP, radiographic LB ≥ 30% | 43.5 (23–60) /44.7 (24–63) | Saliva | nmol/30s sample | 0.18 ± 0.08 | 17 (7/10) | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 17 (7/10) | NS | Chapple et al. [54] |
| GCF | µmol | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Baltacıoğlu et al. [7] | Turkey | Comparative study | Armitage [47] | 37.4 ± 5.4/37.1 ± 4.2 | Serum | mM Trolox equivalent | 0.53 ± 0.19 | 31 (F) | 0.72 ± 0.21 | 26 (F) | <0.05 | Erel [55] |
| GCF | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | ||||||||||
| GCF TAOC/30 s | 0.36 ± 0.12 | 0.50 ± 0.16 | ||||||||||
| Chapple et al. [8] | UK | Interventional | Brock et al. [6] | 32–60 | Plasma | µmol TEq | 507 ± 92 | 35 (12/23) |
520 ± 100 | 32 (N/A) | 0.57 | Chapple et al. [54] Maxwell et al. [56] |
| GCF | 680 ± 371 | 1129 ± 722 | <0.0001 | |||||||||
| Konopka et al. [10] | Poland | CC | Lindhe et al. [50] | 31.5/33.2 | Venous Blood | mmol/l | 1.68 ± 0.13 | 30 (15/15) |
1.94 ± 0.12 | 25 (10/15) |
<0.001 | ABTS reduction method |
| Gingival Blood | 1.81 ± 0.18 | 1.94 ± 0.13 | 0.029 | |||||||||
| Guentsch et al. [11] | Germany | Interventional study | At least 30% of teeth with PPD >5 mm | 46.3 ± 13.1/34.1 ± 11.8 | Saliva | μmol/ml | 0.37 ± 0.24 | 15 (6/9) |
0.52 ± 0.20 | 15 (7/8) |
<0.05 | Popov and Lewin [57] |
| Akalin et al. [12] | Turkey | CS | Armitage [47] | 29.3 ± 3.94/29.73 ± 3.71 | Serum | mM Trolox equivalent | 0.59 ± 0.20 | 27 (F) | 0.75 ± 0.21 | 25(F) | <0.005 | Erel [55] |
| GCF Conc | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | ||||||||||
| GCF TAC/30s | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.10 | ||||||||||
| Su et al. [13] | USA | CS–CC | Scully and Langley-Evans [51] | 52.27 (14.08)/45.39 (18.75) SEM | Saliva | mmol | 0.71 ± 0.08 | 58 (25/33) |
0.46 ± 0.04 | 234 (107/126) | 0.0001 | Miller et al. [58] |
| Kim et al. [14] | Korea | Interventional study | PPD ≥ 5 mm at least two sites per quadrant, BOP, radiographic LB ≥ 30% | 50.0 ± 12.5/31.7 ± 8.0 | Saliva | μM | 335.7 ± 36.6 | 7 (3/4) | 282.7 ± 55.1 | 7 (3/4) | ImAnOx (TAS) Kit | |
| Sulaiman and Shehadeh [15] | Syria | Interventional study | PPD ≥ 5 mm at least two sites per quadrant, BOP, radiographic LB ≥ 30% | 41/34 | Plasma | µmol TEq | 559 ± 53.2 | 30 (9/21) |
625 ± 88.7 | 30 (9/21) |
<0.001 | Erel [55] |
| Dhotre et al. [17] | India | CC | Armitage [47] | 52.7 ± 9.27/50.3 ± 9.39 | Plasma | mmol/l | 1.3 ± 0.15 | 100 (60/40) |
2.32 ± 0.24 | 100 (60/40) |
<0.001 | Benzie and Strain [59] |
| Saliva | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 1.07 ± 0.03 | ||||||||||
| Dhotre et al. [18] | India | CC | Armitage [47] | 52.7 ± 9.27/50.03 ± 9.39 | Plasma | mmol/l | 1.14 ± 0.13 | 50 | 2.32 ± 0.24 | 25 | <0.001 | Benzie and Strain [59] |
| Esen et al. [19] | Turkey | CS | AL ≥ 4 mm and PPD ≥ 5 mm. | 42.85 ± 9.6/40.05 ± 9.8 | Serum | millimoles trolox equivalent per/l | 1.980 (1.835– 2.195) | 20 (4/16) | 2.510 (2.170– 2.725) | 20 (4/16) | <0.001 | Erel [55] |
| GCF | 0.0875 (0.059 to 0.140) | 0.105 (0.070– 0.145) | ||||||||||
| Konuganti et al. [20] | India | CC | PPD ≥ 5 mm at least 2 sites per quadrant, BOP | 18–40 years | Blood | µg/dl | 37.13 ± 7.14 | 15 | 52.4 ± 9.71 | 15 | <0.001 | NBT method |
| Toker et al. [21] | Turkey | Interventional study | CAL > 30% of sites; PPD ≥ 5 mm | 38.7 ± 5.9/38.0 ± 7.2 | GCF | mmol TEq/l | 0.12 ± 0.33 | 15 (7/8) | 0.13 ± 0.25 | 10 (6/4) | >0.05 | Erel [55] |
| Akpinar et al. [22] | Turkey | Interventional | Armitage [47] | 37.7 ± 5.9/37.0 ± 7.4 | GCF | mmol Trolox equiv./l | (0–0.1) 0.1 | 15 (7/8) |
(0.1–0.1) 0.1 | 10 (5/5) |
Erel [55] | |
| Novaković et al. [23] | Serbia | PS | Bone loss >30%, at least one pocket; PPD >5 mm per quadrant with BOP | 39.2 ± 11.5/35.2 ± 7.1 | Saliva | µmol/l | 0.4 ± 0.24 | 21 (14/7) |
0.59 ± 0.14 | 21 (14/7) |
>0.05 | ABTS colorimetric, Ransod kit |
| Sezer et al. [24] | Turkey | CS | – | 45.50 ± 7.50/40.75 ± 10.26 | Serum | mmol Trolox Eq/l | 1.15 ± 0.36 | 20 (6/14) |
1.30 ± 0.23 | 20 (6/14) |
Erel [55] | |
| Azizi et al. [25] | India | CC | Armitage [47] | 37–50/39.64 ± 5.04 | Plasma | μmol/l | 831.75 ± 78.15 | 134 (M) | 925.2 ± 68.4 | 64 (M) | 0.001 | Benzie and Strain [59] |
| Baltacıoğlu et al. [26] | Turkey | CS and CC | Armitage [47] | 32.55 ± 5.32/30.10 ± 4.06 | Serum | mmol TEq | 1.08 ± 0.0736 | 33 (16/17) |
1.5 ± 0.0736 | 30 (16/14) |
0.001 | ABTS Erel [55] |
| Saliva | mmol TEq | 0.5 ± 0.11 | 0.71 ± 0.08 | <0.05 | Elisa kit | |||||||
| Bostanci [27] | Turkey | Interventional studies | Armitage [47] | 38.80 ± 4.87/37.33 ± 5.67 | GCF | μmol trolox equivalent/l | 0.09 (0.07–0.11) | 15 (6/9) |
0.07 (0.05–0.15) | 15 (7/8) | >0.05 | Erel [55] |
| Serum | 1.45 (1.23–2.10) | 1.44 (1.28–1.68) | ||||||||||
| Kose et al. [28] | Turkey | Comparative study | Armitage [47] | 27–51 years | Saliva | mmol TEq/l | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 22 (11/11) | 0.92 ± 0.22 | 22 (12/10) |
<0.05 | Erel [55] |
| Serum | mmol TEq/l | 1.16 ± 0.29 | 1.34 ± 0.32 | |||||||||
| Miricescu et al. [29] | Romania | CC | At least six sites with PD ≥ 4 mm; bone loss higher than 30% and gingival inflammation | 51.26 ± 7.4/18.66 ± 2 | Saliva | nmol/mg albumin | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 25 (14/11) |
1.24 ± 0.16 | 25 (20/5) |
<0.05 | ABTS colorimetric, Ransod kit |
| Thomas et al. [31] | India | Interventional | CAL ≥ 4 mm in at least 30% of sites | 35–65 | Serum | mmol/l | 0.4972 ± 0.2250 | 25 | 1.2585 ± 0.3683 | 25 | <0.001 | – |
| Almerich-Silla et al [32] | Spain | CC | At least four zones with PP ≥ 5 mm and LA ≥ 2 mm | 41–45/38–43 | Saliva | mmol | 1.09 ± 0.0905 | 33 (19/14) |
0.9067 ± 0.119 | 37 (15/22) |
<0.001 | Elisa kit |
| Baser et al. [33] | Turkey | CC | Armitage [47] | 39.9 ± 5.2/37.3 ± 5.4 | Saliva | μmol | 0.33 ± 0.3 | 36 (11/25) |
0.57 ± 0.3 | 16 (6/10) |
<0.05 | Commercially available calorimetry |
| Plasma | μmol | 0.27 ± 0.14 | 0.44 ± 0.26 | |||||||||
| Shankarram et al. [34] | India | CC | – | – | Saliva | mmol | 1.03 ± 0.158 | 25 | 0.906 ± 0.119 | 25 | <0.01 | Elisa kit |
| Nguyen et al. [35] | Vietnam | CS | Armitage [47] | 51.04 ± 12.25/51.17 ± 11.88 | Saliva | mmol | 0.07 ± 0.07 | 24 (12/12) |
0.19 ± 0.14 | 24 (14/10) |
<0.001 | Antioxidant assay kit |
| Atabay et al. [36] | Turkey | CC | ≥ 30% of sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm; with CAL ≥ 5 mm; ≥ 30% LB | 42.47 ± 2.99/39.60 ± 5.84 | GCF Concentration | µM/ml | 72.43 ± 6.79 | 15 (9/6) | 351.60 ± 21.66 | 15 (6/9) |
0.001 | TAOC (ImAnOx-TAS)/TAC Kit |
| GCF Total | µM | 69.70 ± 3.37 | 88.01 ± 4.61 | |||||||||
| Bansel et al. [37] | India | Interventional | Armitage [47] | 20–45 | Plasma | µmol/l | 792.33 ± 124.33 | 40 | 1,076.1 ± 193.82 | 40 | <0.001 | Benzie and Strain [59] |
| Ahmadi-Motamayel et al. [38] | Iran | CC | Page and Eke [52] | 30–50 (Both groups) | Saliva | mol/ml unit | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 55 (28/27) |
0.18 ± 0.1 | 56 (28/28) |
0.11 | Riviere and Papagiannoulis [60] |
| Serum | mol/ml unit | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | |||||||||
| Punj et al. [39] | India | Comparative study | Armitage [48] | 25–65 (Both groups) | Saliva | mmol/l | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 20 | 0.48 ± 0.18 | 20 | >0.05 | Phosphomolybdenum method |
| Serum | mmol/l | 0.58 ± 0.13 | 0.94 ± 0.36 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Narendra et al. [40] | India | CC | Armitage [47] | 47.13 ± 7.00/36.56 ± 6.26 | Serum | mmol/l | 0.49 ± 0.075 | 46 (29/17) |
1.23 ± 0.22 | 50 (33/17) |
<0.001 | Miller et al. [58] |
| GCF | mmol/l | 0.655 ± 0.16 | 1.36 ± 0.11 | |||||||||
| Tripathi et al. [41] | India | CC | Armitage [47] | > 18 years | Saliva | mM Trolox equivalent | 0.60 | 40 | 0.78 | 40 | 0.04 | ELISA |
| Serum | 1.10 | 1.50 | 0.03 | |||||||||
| Vincent et al. [42] | India | Comparative study | Armitage [48] | 25–65 years | GCF | mmol/l | 0.75 ± 0.24 | 20 | 1.2 ± 0.41 | 20 | 0.001 | Erel [55] |
| Sánchez-Villamil et al. [43] | Colombia | CS and CC | Page and Eke [52] | 45 ± 12/31 ± 10 | Saliva | mmol | 0.32 ± 0.21 | 87 (45/42) |
0.15 ± 0.1 | 14 (6/8) |
0.004 | TAC assay kit (CS0790—Sigma- Aldrich) |
| Senouci et al. [44] | Algeria | CC | PPD ≥ 6 mm; with CAL ≥ 5 mm; Tooth loss due to periodontitis | 24.06 ± 6.09/24.73 ± 1.38 | Saliva | μmol ascorbic acid eq/l | 0.46 ± 0.34 | 29 | 1.45 ± 0.57 | 28 | <0.0001 | Kerboua et al. [61] |
| Thomas et al. [45] | India | RCT | 30–60 (Both) |
Serum | µg/ml | 0.5865 ± 0.1701 | 100 | 1.1028 ± 0.2600 | 100 | <0.001 | Phosphomolybdenum assay | |
| Verghese et al. [46] | India | LS | Minimum 20 natural teeth; PPD at least 30% of sites; CAL >3 mm; bone loss | 30–60 (Both) |
Serum | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 25 | 1.92 ± 0.10 | 25 | <0.001 | Phosphomolybdenum assay | |
SD, standard deviation; Cont, control; TEq, Trolox equivalent; ABTS, 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; PPD, periodontal pocket depth; BOP, bleeding on probing; LB, loss of bone; CAL, clinical attachment level; CC, case–control; PS, prospective study; CS, cross-sectional study; RCT, randomized controlled trial; LS, longitudinal study.