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. 2023 Oct 26;8(11):2183–2195. doi: 10.1038/s41564-023-01500-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, The self-sampling kit sent to the participants via the national postal service. b, Geographical overview of the participants who sent in samples for this project, by overlaying their zip codes on a map of all Belgian municipalities. Darker colours represent higher numbers of participants with that specific zip code. As only participants who understood Dutch were allowed to participate, most participants were from the Northern part of Belgium. c, An overview of the population cohort that registered within 10 days after the first announcement, with their different citizen-science roles in the Isala project: minimal involvement by expressing online interest as potential donor via website and answering five questions on age, pregnancy, contraceptive use, country of living (for the past 3 years) and zip code (grey), partial involvement by filling out the extensive survey (blue) and full involvement as donors with 24-h follow-up survey (pink). d,e, The distribution of a selection of the survey variables: age and BMI (median and interquartile range (IQR) represented by the boxplot within the violin plot where the whiskers represent the distribution minima and maxima, n = 4,682) (d), reported contraceptive use of the whole cohort and a subset of the binary variables (e). The grey segments indicate participants who either did not know the answer to the question or did not respond to the second survey. The exact number of participants who answered ‘yes’ is included between brackets. NA, not applicable.