Table 3.

Effect of metformin on gene expression of placental glucose transporters and hexokinase isoforms in human trophoblasts

Gene	0.01 mmol/l metformin	p value	n	0.1 mmol/l metformin	p value	n
GLUT1	170,670±33,412	0.77	29	191,679±47,195	0.65	28
GLUT3	3331±541	0.91	30	3499±547	0.65	30
GLUT4	2238±729	0.32	30	1249±360	0.07	29
HK1	21,382±1738	0.99	30	15,025±1364	<0.001	30
HK2	5052±975	0.48	31	4085±637	0.83	31
HK3	13,694±2487	0.97	31	11,582±1887	0.47	31
HK4	2380±998	0.77	30	1272±529	0.68	31

Copy number is displayed as n±SE. n represents number of biological replicates

p values are derived from mixed-effects linear regression analysis with treatment group included as a fixed effect and placenta of origin as a random effect; the vehicle-treated group acts as the referent