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. 2023 Sep 15;66(12):2189–2199. doi: 10.1007/s00125-023-06011-5

Table 1.

Measurable outcomes of dynamic and static metabolic tests in stage 1 and stage 2 type 1 diabetes

Test Staging FPIR Insulin secretion Insulin sensitivity Beta cell function Disease progression risk Limitsa
Dynamic tests
 Standard OGTTb

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

 Extended OGTTc

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

 MMTT

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

 IVGTT

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

 Hyperglycaemic clamp

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

 Euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

Static tests
 Urinary C-peptide-to-creatinine ratio ? ?

Invasiveness

• No age limit

 HbA1c/fasting glucose

Invasiveness

• No age limit

 C-peptide capillary dried blood spot test ? ?

Invasiveness

• No age limit

Risk indices computed during OGTT
 DPTRSd

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

 Index60e

Invasiveness

• Age limit ( 7–8 years)

Other
 CGM

Invasiveness

• No age limit

a relatively low, very low, relatively high, very high

bStandard OGTT: glucose is measured at 0, 1 and 2 h

cExtended OGTT: glucose, insulin and C-peptide are measured at multiple time points (seven or more) and the test can be prolonged up to 240 min. Early sampling (e.g. 10 and 15 min) allows FPIR to be estimated

dDPTRS= (1.57 × log BMI) − (0.06 × age [years]) + (0.81 × glucose summed from 30 to 120 min/100) − (0.85 × C-peptide summed from 30 to 120 min/10) + (0.48 × log C-peptide0)

eIndex60 = 0.36953 × (log C-peptide0 [ng/ml]) + 0.0165 × glucose60 (mg/dl) - 0.3644 × C-peptide60 (ng/ml)

CGM, continuous glucose monitoring