Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants by resting heart rate levels (n = 4510)
| Characteristics | Total sample | Resting heart rate, bpm | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 4510) | < 60 (n = 1041) | 60–69 (n = 1837) | 70–79 (n = 1072) | ≥ 80 (n = 560) | P-value | |
| Age, years | 71.26 (5.0) | 70.77 (4.7) | 71.04 (4.9) | 71.55 (5.1) | 72.34 (5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 2568 (56.9) | 445 (42.7) | 1059 (57.6) | 725 (67.6) | 339 (60.5) | < 0.001 |
| Education | < 0.001 | |||||
| No formal education | 1728 (38.3) | 323 (31.0) | 696 (37.9) | 466 (43.5) | 243 (43.4) | |
| Primary school | 2028 (45.0) | 516 (49.6) | 835 (45.5) | 443 (41.3) | 234 (41.8) | |
| Middle school or above | 754 (16.7) | 202 (19.4) | 306 (16.7) | 163 (15.2) | 83 (14.8) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 2888 (64.0) | 553 (53.1) | 1179 (64.2) | 781 (72.9) | 375 (67.0) | |
| Former | 683 (15.1) | 179 (17.2) | 271 (14.8) | 132 (12.3) | 101 (18.0) | |
| Current | 939 (20.8) | 309 (29.7) | 387 (21.1) | 159 (14.8) | 84 (15.0) | |
| Alcohol intake | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 2769 (61.4) | 527 (50.6) | 1138 (61.9) | 746 (69.6) | 358 (63.9) | |
| Former | 429 (9.5) | 122 (11.7) | 145 (7.9) | 84 (7.8) | 78 (13.9) | |
| Current | 1312 (29.1) | 392 (37.7) | 554 (30.2) | 242 (22.6) | 124 (22.1) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.89 (3.8) | 24.88 (3.6) | 25.00 (3.6) | 24.90 (3.8) | 24.52 (4.4) | 0.04 |
| SBP, mmHg* | 144.02 (21.4) | 143.72 (20.9) | 142.99 (21.0) | 144.65 (21.0) | 146.70 (23.7) | 0.004 |
| DBP, mmHg* | 85.03 (10.9) | 83.59 (10.7) | 84.37 (10.7) | 86.20 (10.5) | 87.66 (11.7) | < 0.001 |
| TC, mmol/l | 4.99 (1.0) | 4.86 (0.9) | 4.96 (1.0) | 5.07 (1.0) | 5.15 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, (ml/min/1.73m2) | 78.60 (13.0) | 79.03 (12.2) | 79.03 (13.0) | 78.55 (13.0) | 76.49 (14.1) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | 629 (13.9) | 94 (9.0) | 242 (13.2) | 190 (17.7) | 103 (18.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 3034 (67.3) | 707 (67.9) | 1181 (64.3) | 740 (69.0) | 406 (72.5) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1047 (23.2) | 180 (17.3) | 413 (22.5) | 287 (26.8) | 167 (29.8) | < 0.001 |
| Number of CVD | 0.42 (0.6) | 0.43 (0.6) | 0.39 (0.6) | 0.41 (0.6) | 0.55 (0.8) | 0.002 |
| Coronary heart disease | 981 (21.8) | 223 (21.4) | 373 (20.3) | 233 (21.7) | 152 (27.1) | 0.008 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 68 (1.5) | 7 (0.7) | 9 (0.5) | 10 (0.9) | 42 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 137 (3.0) | 35 (3.4) | 42 (2.3) | 33 (3.1) | 27 (4.8) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 674 (14.9) | 170 (16.3) | 272 (14.8) | 155 (14.5) | 77 (13.8) | 0.49 |
| TIA | 51 (1.1) | 10 (1.0) | 22 (1.2) | 11 (1.0) | 8 (1.4) | 0.83 |
| Anti-thrombotic agents | 302 (6.7) | 63 (6.1) | 125 (6.8) | 74 (6.9) | 40 (7.1) | 0.81 |
| Cardiac agents | 74 (1.6) | 14 (1.3) | 25 (1.4) | 17 (1.6) | 18 (3.2) | 0.02 |
| MMSE score | 20.99 (5.9) | 21.72 (5.8) | 21.23 (5.8) | 20.43 (5.8) | 19.92 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive z-scores* | ||||||
| Global cognition | − 0.23 (2.6) | 0.02 (2.5) | − 0.12 (2.5) | − 0.47 (2.5) | − 0.64 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Memory | − 0.05 (0.9) | − 0.02 (0.9) | − 0.01 (0.9) | − 0.09 (0.9) | − 0.15 (0.9) | 0.002 |
| Verbal fluency | − 0.03 (0.8) | 0.01 (0.8) | 0.01 (0.8) | − 0.09 (0.8) | − 0.10 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Attention | − 0.07 (0.8) | 0.01 (0.8) | − 0.05 (0.9) | − 0.11 (0.8) | − 0.22 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Executive function | − 0.12 (0.9) | − 0.02 (0.9) | − 0.10 (0.9) | − 0.22 (0.9) | − 0.22 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
| APOE ε4 allele | 709 (15.7) | 165 (15.9) | 298 (16.2) | 146 (13.6) | 100 (17.9) | 0.12 |
Data are mean (standard deviation) or n (%)
RHR resting heart rate, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CVD cardiovascular disease, TIA transient ischemic attack, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, APOE, apolipoprotein E gene
*The number of participants with missing values was 6 for SBP and DBP, 330 for global cognition score, 258 for memory score, 207 for verbal fluency score, 220 for attention score, and 257 for executive function score