Table 2.
Associations of resting heart rate with MMSE score and z-scores of global cognition, memory, verbal fluency, attention, and executive function
| Resting heart rate | Na | β coefficient (95% confidence interval), cognitive score | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2b | ||
| MMSE score (n = 4510) | |||
| RHR < 60 bpm | 1837 | − 0.32 (− 0.66, 0.02) | − 0.32 (-0.65, 0.02) |
| RHR 60–69 bpm | 1041 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) |
| RHR 70–79 bpm | 1072 | − 0.15 (− 0.48, 0.19) | − 0.10 (− 0.43, 0.23) |
| RHR ≥ 80 bpm | 560 | − 0.66 (− 1.08, − 0.24) † | − 0.58 (− 1.00, − 0.16) † |
| Global cognitive z-score (n = 4180) | |||
| RHR < 60 bpm | 1714 | − 0.12 (− 0.29, 0.05) | − 0.10 (− 0.27, 0.07) |
| RHR 60–69 bpm | 982 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) |
| RHR 70–79 bpm | 978 | − 0.12 (− 0.29, 0.04) | − 0.10 (− 0.27, 0.07) |
| RHR ≥ 80 bpm | 506 | − 0.24 (− 0.45, − 0.03)* | − 0.17 (− 0.38, 0.05) |
| Memory z-score (n = 4252) | |||
| RHR < 60 bpm | 1739 | − 0.01 (− 0.08, 0.05) | − 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.06) |
| RHR 60–69 bpm | 993 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) |
| RHR 70–79 bpm | 1004 | − 0.06 (− 0.13, 0.00) | − 0.06 (− 0.12, 0.01) |
| RHR ≥ 80 bpm | 516 | − 0.07 (− 0.15, 0.01) | − 0.05 (− 0.13, 0.03) |
| Verbal fluency z-score (n = 4303) | |||
| RHR < 60 bpm | 1762 | − 0.05 (− 0.11, 0.01) | − 0.04 (− 0.10, 0.01) |
| RHR 60–69 bpm | 1002 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) |
| RHR 70–79 bpm | 1016 | − 0.05 (− 0.11, 0.00) | − 0.05 (− 0.10, 0.01) |
| RHR ≥ 80 bpm | 523 | − 0.04 (− 0.11, 0.03) | − 0.02 (− 0.09, 0.06) |
| Attention z-score (n = 4290) | |||
| RHR < 60 bpm | 1755 | − 0.03 (− 0.09, 0.03) | − 0.03 (− 0.09, 0.03) |
| RHR 60–69 bpm | 1000 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) |
| RHR 70–79 bpm | 1015 | 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.07) | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.08) |
| RHR ≥ 80 bpm | 520 | − 0.10 (− 0.17, -0.03) † | − 0.08 (− 0.15, − 0.01)* |
| Executive function z-score (n = 4253) | |||
| RHR < 60 bpm | 1742 | − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.03) | − 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.04) |
| RHR 60–69 bpm | 992 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) |
| RHR 70–79 bpm | 1004 | − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.03) | − 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.04) |
| RHR ≥ 80 bpm | 515 | − 0.03 (− 0.11, 0.04) | − 0.02 (− 0.09, 0.05) |
MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, RHR resting heart rate
aN indicates the number of participants
bModel 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and education; and Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, cardiovascular morbidity, APOE genotype, anti-thrombotic agents, and cardiac agents
*P < 0.05
†P < 0.01