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. 2023 Jul 4;39(4):1597–1610. doi: 10.1007/s10899-023-10235-w

Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted odds of risky gambling, among those gambling at all, by alcohol use and sociodemographic characteristics

Some vs. risky gambling (weighted) Bivariable logistic regression Multivariable logistic regression
Model 1 Model 2
N Unadjusted OR Adjusted OR Adjusted OR 95% CI p
All Victorian adults 1720
Gender
Male 902 1.00 1.00 1.00
Female 818 0.66*** 0.51** 0.52** 0.35 0.79 0.002
Age
18–34 343 1.00 1.00 1.00
35–49 347 0.57** 0.78 0.90 0.53 1.50 0.677
50–64 472 0.49** 0.66 0.69 0.41 1.16 0.164
65+ 558 0.36*** 0.48** 0.56* 0.33 0.96 0.033
Region in Victoria
Melbourne 1,289 1.00 1.00 1.00
Regional 431 0.85 0.80 0.74 0.45 1.23 0.259
First language at home
English 1,407 1.00 1.00 1.00
Other 311 1.84** 1.73* 1.91* 1.16 3.12 0.011
Personal Income, per year
Nil - $41,599 668 1.00 1.00 1.00
$41,600 - $77,999 331 1.04 0.80 0.75 0.46 1.26 0.259
$78,000 or more 353 0.62* 0.47** 0.42** 0.24 0.72 0.002
Missing 368 0.52** 0.46** 0.44** 0.25 0.76 0.003
HED
Never 974 1.00 1.00 1.00
Less than monthly 397 1.04 0.85 0.69 0.42 1.12 0.132
Monthly 211 2.03** 1.69 0.90 0.49 1.67 0.738
Weekly or daily 138 4.80*** 4.00*** 2.25** 1.22 4.15 0.009
Drinking alcohol while gambling
Never 1,076 1.00 -- 1.00
Sometimes 429 2.49*** -- 2.49*** 1.56 3.96 < 0.001
Often/always 211 5.32*** -- 4.29*** 2.53 7.26 < 0.001

Note. *p < .05, ** p < .01, ***p < .001; Exact p-values are provided for the multivariable analyses; aModel 1 includes HED only, model 2 includes HED and alcohol use while gambling.