Table 1.
Characteristics of participants included according to ELISA-S tests status, NutriNet-Santé cohort study, April 2020—SAPRIS-SERO, France.
| ELISA-S negative (n = 21,074) n (%) mean ± SD |
ELISA-S positive (n = 1091) n (%) mean ± SD |
P* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | < 0.001 | ||
| Men | 5272 (25.0) | 223 (20.4) | |
| Women | 15,802 (75.0) | 868 (79.6) | |
| Age (years) | 57.3 ± 13.6 | 49.5 ± 13.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Educational level | < 0.0001 | ||
| < High school degree | 3204 (15.2) | 86 (7.9) | |
| High schhol degree | 2563 (12.2) | 97 (8.9) | |
| Undergraduate degree | 6706 (31.8) | 313 (28.7) | |
| Graduate degree | 8601 (40.8) | 595 (54.5) | |
| Professional activity | < 0.0001 | ||
| Unemployment | 10,735 (50.9) | 300 (27.5) | |
| Short time working | 2104 (10.0) | 166 (15.2) | |
| Working outside home | 1830 (8.7) | 111 (10.2) | |
| Working from home | 5785 (27.4) | 478 (43.8) | |
| Student | 620 (3.0) | 36 (3.3) | |
| Residential area | < 0.0001 | ||
| Rural area | 7327 (34.8) | 294 (27.0) | |
| City < 20,000 inhabitants | 5040 (23.9) | 261 (23.9) | |
| City ≥ 20,000 to < 100,000 inhabitants | 4687 (22.2) | 286 (26.2) | |
| City ≥ 100,000 inhabitants | 4020 (19.1) | 250 (22.9) | |
| Region | < 0.0001 | ||
| Paris basin | 2966 (14.1) | 116 (10.6) | |
| Centre-East | 3118 (14.8) | 140 (12.8) | |
| East | 1686 (8.0) | 157 (14.4) | |
| Mediterranean | 2685 (12.7) | 66 (6.1) | |
| North | 732 (3.5) | 35 (3.2) | |
| West | 3275 (15.5) | 101 (9.3) | |
| Paris and closed suburb | 4048 (19.2) | 394 (36.1) | |
| Southwest | 2564 (12.2) | 82 (7.5) | |
| Number of persons in the household | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Presence of children/grandchildren aged under 18 years at home | < 0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 4624 (21.9) | 444 (40.7) | |
| No | 16,450 (78.1) | 647 (59.3) | |
| Close relatives with COVID-19 symptoms at the time of blood spots | < 0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 9508 (45.1) | 714 (65.4) | |
| No | 11,566 (54.9) | 377 (34.6) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 4.5 | 24.2 ± 4.7 | 0.91 |
| Smoking status | < 0.0001 | ||
| Non-smoker | 8914 (42.3) | 563 (51.6) | |
| Former smoker | 10,671 (50.6) | 459 (42.1) | |
| Current Smoker | 1489 (7.1) | 69 (6.3) | |
| Chronic disease | < 0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 6970 (33.1) | 248 (22.7) | |
| No | 14,104 (66.9) | 843 (77.3) | |
| Protective behavior index | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 0.28 |
| Frequency of going out over the past week | < 0.0001 | ||
| Never | 1632 (7.7) | 119 (10.9) | |
| Once | 4696 (22.3) | 253 (23.2) | |
| 2 to 5 times | 8898 (42.2) | 470 (43.1) | |
| 6 to 10 times | 4609 (21.9) | 206 (18.9) | |
| More to 10 times | 1239 (5.9) | 43 (3.9) | |
| PA level pre-lockdown (IPAQ) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Low | 3077 (14.6) | 170 (15.6) | |
| Moderate | 7815 (37.1) | 466 (42.7) | |
| High | 8995 (42.7) | 363 (33.3) |
*P values from chi-square tests (categorical variables) or Fisher tests (quantitative variables) for unadjusted associations between individual characteristics and ELISA-S test status.