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. 2023 Nov 6;6:241. doi: 10.1038/s42004-023-01043-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Chemical structure of docosahexanenoyl plasmenyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (PL-DHA-PE), which is a PUFA-plasmalogen investigated as an exemplary bioactive vinyl ether phospholipid with neuroprotective and free-radical scavenging properties. b Aminoacid sequence of the neurotrophic pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a natural ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) receptor implicated in neuronal survival. c Chemical structure of the lyotropic non-lamellar helper lipid monoolein (MO). d Definition of the packing parameter (P) and typical P values for amphiphilic mixtures forming self-assembled liquid crystalline nanostructures of lamellar or non-lamellar types. e Topologies of vesicle, cubosome, hexosome, and spongosome types of lipid nanoparticles.